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Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) is a popular optimization method which has been applied to many important machine learning tasks such as Support Vector Machines and Deep Neural Networks. In order to parallelize SGD, minibatch training is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-05-14 Peilin Zhao , Tong Zhang

The Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) or A/B testing is considered the gold standard method for estimating causal effects. Fisher famously advocated randomly allocating experiment units into treatment and control groups to preclude…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-17 Deddy Jobson , Li Yilin , Naoki Nishimura , Yang Jie , Koya Ohashi , Takeshi Matsumoto

Model performance evaluation is a critical and expensive task in machine learning and computer vision. Without clear guidelines, practitioners often estimate model accuracy using a one-time completely random selection of the data. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Riccardo Fogliato , Pratik Patil , Mathew Monfort , Pietro Perona

The survey experiment is widely used in economics and social sciences to evaluate the effects of treatments or programs. In a standard population-based survey experiment, the experimenter randomly draws experimental units from a target…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-11 Pengfei Tian , Jiyang Ren , Yingying Ma

Sampling is often a necessary evil to reduce the processing and storage costs of distributed tracing. In this work, we describe a scalable and adaptive sampling approach that can preserve events of interest better than the widely used…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-07-19 Otmar Ertl

Given $k$ pre-trained classifiers and a stream of unlabeled data examples, how can we actively decide when to query a label so that we can distinguish the best model from the rest while making a small number of queries? Answering this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Mohammad Reza Karimi , Nezihe Merve Gürel , Bojan Karlaš , Johannes Rausch , Ce Zhang , Andreas Krause

The statistical efficiency of randomized clinical trials can be improved by incorporating information from baseline covariates (i.e., pre-treatment patient characteristics). This can be done in the design stage using stratified (permutated…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-04 Zhiwei Zhang

Extreme multi-label classification (XML) is becoming increasingly relevant in the era of big data. Yet, there is no method for effectively generating stratified partitions of XML datasets. Instead, researchers typically rely on provided…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Maximillian Merrillees , Lan Du

Online controlled experiments (A/B testing) are fundamental to data-driven decision-making in many companies. Improving the sensitivity of these experiments under fixed sample size constraints requires reducing the variance of the average…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-24 Zhexiao Lin , Pablo Crespo

Motivated by A/B/n testing applications, we consider a finite set of distributions (called \emph{arms}), one of which is treated as a \emph{control}. We assume that the population is stratified into homogeneous subpopulations. At every time…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-01 Yoan Russac , Christina Katsimerou , Dennis Bohle , Olivier Cappé , Aurélien Garivier , Wouter Koolen

We study optimal variance reduction solutions for count and ratio metrics in online controlled experiments. Our methods leverage flexible machine learning tools to incorporate covariates that are independent from the treatment but have…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-09-05 Ying Jin , Shan Ba

In an A/B test, the typical objective is to measure the total average treatment effect (TATE), which measures the difference between the average outcome if all users were treated and the average outcome if all users were untreated. However,…

Applications · Statistics 2020-04-28 David Holtz , Sinan Aral

Online controlled experimentation is widely adopted for evaluating new features in the rapid development cycle for web products and mobile applications. Measurement of the overall experiment sample is a common practice to quantify the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-01-27 Zhenyu Zhao , Yan He , Miao Chen

To increase statistical efficiency in a randomized experiment, researchers often use stratification (i.e., blocking) in the design stage. However, conventional practices of stratification fail to exploit valuable information about the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-28 Zikai Li

Ad-hoc queries over frequently updated data in a flat schema are common in real-time data analysis applications and often require very low latency. Online aggregation can achieve so by providing approximate aggregation answers with…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Yunnan Yu , Zhuoyue Zhao

A/B tests serve the purpose of reliably identifying the effect of changes introduced in online services. It is common for online platforms to run a large number of simultaneous experiments by splitting incoming user traffic randomly in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Alexander Buchholz , Vito Bellini , Giuseppe Di Benedetto , Yannik Stein , Matteo Ruffini , Fabian Moerchen

Subsampling is a general statistical method developed in the 1990s aimed at estimating the sampling distribution of a statistic $\hat \theta _n$ in order to conduct nonparametric inference such as the construction of confidence intervals…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-12-14 Dimitris N. Politis

A/B testing is the foundation of decision-making in online platforms, yet social products often suffer from network interference: user interactions cause treatment effects to spill over into the control group. Such spillovers bias causal…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Xu Min , Zhaoxu Yang , Kaixuan Tan , Juan Yan , Xunbin Xiong , Zihao Zhu , Kaiyu Zhu , Fenglin Cui , Yang Yang , Sihua Yang , Jianhui Bu

Subject selection plays a critical role in experimental studies, especially ones with human subjects. Anecdotal evidence suggests that many such studies, done at or near university campus settings suffer from selection bias, i.e., the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-21 Tahereh Arabghalizi , Alexandros Labrinidis

This paper develops a unified framework for partial identification and inference in stratified experiments with attrition, accommodating both equal and heterogeneous treatment shares across strata. For equal-share designs, we apply recent…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-21 Bruno Ferman , Davi Siqueira , Vitor Possebom