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Related papers: Knowledge-Driven Hallucination in Large Language M…

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Advances in the general capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have led to their use for information retrieval, and as components in automated decision systems. A faithful representation of probabilistic reasoning in these models may…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Gabriel Freedman , Francesca Toni

Hallucination, a phenomenon where large language models (LLMs) produce output that is factually incorrect or unrelated to the input, is a major challenge for LLM applications that require accuracy and dependability. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Song Wang , Xun Wang , Jie Mei , Yujia Xie , Sean Muarray , Zhang Li , Lingfeng Wu , Si-Qing Chen , Wayne Xiong

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive potential to simulate human behavior. We identify a fundamental challenge in using them to simulate experiments: when LLM-simulated subjects are blind to the experimental design (as is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 George Gui , Olivier Toubia

Large language models (LLMs) are a promising venue for natural language understanding and generation tasks. However, current LLMs are far from reliable: they are prone to generate non-factual information and, more crucially, to contradict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Diego Calanzone , Stefano Teso , Antonio Vergari

Large language models (LLMs) produce systematically misleading outputs, from hallucinated citations to strategic deception of evaluators, yet these phenomena are studied by separate communities with incompatible terminology. We propose a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Jerick Shi , Terry Jingcheng Zhang , Zhijing Jin , Vincent Conitzer

Large language models (LLMs) are currently at the forefront of intertwining artificial intelligence (AI) systems with human communication and everyday life. Thus, aligning them with human values is of great importance. However, given the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Thilo Hagendorff

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance on various natural language processing tasks. However, they are prone to generating fluent yet untruthful responses, known as "hallucinations". Hallucinations can lead to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Minda Hu , Bowei He , Yufei Wang , Liangyou Li , Chen Ma , Irwin King

Machine learning practitioners often face significant challenges in formally integrating their prior knowledge and beliefs into predictive models, limiting the potential for nuanced and context-aware analyses. Moreover, the expertise needed…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-23 James Requeima , John Bronskill , Dami Choi , Richard E. Turner , David Duvenaud

Despite widespread success in language understanding and generation, large language models (LLMs) exhibit unclear and often inconsistent behavior when faced with tasks that require probabilistic reasoning. In this work, we present the first…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Mobina Pournemat , Keivan Rezaei , Gaurang Sriramanan , Arman Zarei , Jiaxiang Fu , Yang Wang , Hamid Eghbalzadeh , Soheil Feizi

Research in AI using Large-Language Models (LLMs) is rapidly evolving, and the comparison of their performance with human reasoning has become a key concern. Prior studies have indicated that LLMs and humans share similar biases, such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Hirohiko Abe , Risako Ando , Takanobu Morishita Kentaro Ozeki , Koji Mineshima , Mitsuhiro Okada

Large Language Models (LLMs) are frequently utilized as sources of knowledge for question-answering. While it is known that LLMs may lack access to real-time data or newer data produced after the model's cutoff date, it is less clear how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Agam Shah , Liqin Ye , Sebastian Jaskowski , Wei Xu , Sudheer Chava

Large language models (LLMs) hallucinate with confidence: their outputs can be fluent, authoritative, and simply wrong. In medical, legal, and scientific applications this failure causes direct harm, and detecting it from internal model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Khizar Hussain , Murat Kantarcioglu

Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong knowledge reserves and task-solving capabilities, but still face the challenge of severe hallucination, hindering their practical application. Though scientific theories and rules can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Maotian Ma , Zheni Zeng , Zhenghao Liu , Yukun Yan

Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) are trained on vast unlabeled data, rich in world knowledge. This fact has sparked the interest of the community in quantifying the amount of factual knowledge present in PLMs, as this explains their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Paul Youssef , Osman Alperen Koraş , Meijie Li , Jörg Schlötterer , Christin Seifert

Large language models (LLMs) are highly capable of answering questions, but they are often unaware of their own knowledge boundary, i.e., knowing what they know and what they don't know. As a result, they can generate factually incorrect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Christopher Adrian Kusuma , Muhammad Reza Qorib , Hwee Tou Ng

Large language models (LLMs) are useful tools with the capacity for performing specific types of knowledge work at an effective scale. However, LLM deployments in high-risk and safety-critical domains pose unique challenges, notably the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Joe B Hakim , Jeffery L Painter , Darmendra Ramcharran , Vijay Kara , Greg Powell , Paulina Sobczak , Chiho Sato , Andrew Bate , Andrew Beam

How to alleviate the hallucinations of Large Language Models (LLMs) has always been the fundamental goal pursued by the LLMs research community. Looking through numerous hallucination-related studies, a mainstream category of methods is to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Yinghui Li , Haojing Huang , Jiayi Kuang , Yangning Li , Shu-Yu Guo , Chao Qu , Xiaoyu Tan , Hai-Tao Zheng , Ying Shen , Philip S. Yu

Knowledge-grounded conversational models are known to suffer from producing factually invalid statements, a phenomenon commonly called hallucination. In this work, we investigate the underlying causes of this phenomenon: is hallucination…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Nouha Dziri , Sivan Milton , Mo Yu , Osmar Zaiane , Siva Reddy

Large language models (LLMs), including ChatGPT, Bard, and Llama, have achieved remarkable successes over the last two years in a range of different applications. In spite of these successes, there exist concerns that limit the wide…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Junliang Luo , Tianyu Li , Di Wu , Michael Jenkin , Steve Liu , Gregory Dudek

Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive generation capabilities, but they suffer from hallucinations when solely relying on their internal knowledge, especially when answering questions that require less commonly known…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Wenting Zhao , Ye Liu , Tong Niu , Yao Wan , Philip S. Yu , Shafiq Joty , Yingbo Zhou , Semih Yavuz