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The recent explosion of high-quality language models has necessitated new methods for identifying AI-generated text. Watermarking is a leading solution and could prove to be an essential tool in the age of generative AI. Existing approaches…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Miranda Christ , Sam Gunn , Tal Malkin , Mariana Raykova

Large language models now draft news, legal analyses, and software code with human-level fluency. At the same time, regulations such as the EU AI Act mandate that each synthetic passage carry an imperceptible, machine-verifiable mark for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Shinwoo Park , Hyejin Park , Hyeseon Ahn , Yo-Sub Han

In the era of costly pre-training of large language models, ensuring the intellectual property rights of model owners, and insuring that said models are responsibly deployed, is becoming increasingly important. To this end, we propose model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Vaden Masrani , Mohammad Akbari , David Ming Xuan Yue , Ahmad Rezaei , Yong Zhang

Deep neural networks are valuable assets considering their commercial benefits and huge demands for costly annotation and computation resources. To protect the copyright of DNNs, backdoor-based ownership verification becomes popular…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Guanhao Gan , Yiming Li , Dongxian Wu , Shu-Tao Xia

We address the problem of watermarking graph objects, which consists in hiding information within them, to prove their origin. The two existing methods to watermark graphs use subgraph matching or graph isomorphism techniques, which are…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Jade Garcia Bourrée , Anne-Marie Kermarrec , Erwan Le Merrer , Othmane Safsafi

Potential harms of large language models can be mitigated by watermarking model output, i.e., embedding signals into generated text that are invisible to humans but algorithmically detectable from a short span of tokens. We propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-03 John Kirchenbauer , Jonas Geiping , Yuxin Wen , Jonathan Katz , Ian Miers , Tom Goldstein

RF devices can be identified by unique imperfections embedded in the signals they transmit called RF fingerprints. The closed set classification of such devices, where the identification must be made among an authorized set of transmitters,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-31 Samurdhi Karunaratne , Samer Hanna , Danijela Cabric

We present a novel technique for modulating the appearance frequency of a few tokens within a dataset for encoding an invisible watermark that can be used to protect ownership rights upon data. We develop optimal as well as fast heuristic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Devriş İşler , Elisa Cabana , Alvaro Garcia-Recuero , Georgia Koutrika , Nikolaos Laoutaris

The indistinguishability of large language model (LLM) output from human-authored content poses significant challenges, raising concerns about potential misuse of AI-generated text and its influence on future model training. Watermarking…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Alexander Nemecek , Yuzhou Jiang , Erman Ayday

Internet is one of the most valuable resources for information communication and retrievals. Most multimedia signals today are in digital formats. The digital data can be duplicated and edited with great ease which has led to a need for…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2013-05-01 Rupa Patel , Urmila Shrawankar , V. M Thakare

Watermarking techniques are vital for protecting intellectual property and preventing fraudulent use of media. Most previous watermarking schemes designed for diffusion models embed a secret key in the initial noise. The resulting pattern…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Anubhav Jain , Yuya Kobayashi , Naoki Murata , Yuhta Takida , Takashi Shibuya , Yuki Mitsufuji , Niv Cohen , Nasir Memon , Julian Togelius

Recent device fingerprinting approaches rely on deep learning to extract device-specific features solely from raw RF signals to identify, classify and authenticate wireless devices. One widely known issue lies in the inability of these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Bechir Hamdaoui , Abdurrahman Elmaghbub

Recent advances in the capabilities of large language models such as GPT-4 have spurred increasing concern about our ability to detect AI-generated text. Prior works have suggested methods of embedding watermarks in model outputs, by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Miranda Christ , Sam Gunn , Or Zamir

Ultra-low latency, the hallmark of fifth-generation mobile communications (5G), imposes exacting timing demands on identification as well. Current cryptographic solutions introduce additional computational overhead, which results in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Yingjie Sun , Guyue Li , Hongfu Chou , Aiqun Hu

Digital watermarking is the process of embedding secret information by altering images in an undetectable way to the human eye. To increase the robustness of the model, many deep learning-based watermarking methods use the…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Sijing Xie , Chengxin Zhao , Nan Sun , Wei Li , Hefei Ling

Proactive watermarking offers a promising approach for deepfake tamper detection and localization in short-form videos. However, existing methods often decouple audio and visual evidence and assume that watermark signals remain reliable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Bokang Zeng , Zheng Gao , Xiaoyu Li , Xiaoyan Feng , Jiaojiao Jiang

This paper presents a novel method for classifying radio frequency (RF) devices from their transmission signals. Given a collection of signals from identical devices, we accurately classify both the distance of the transmission and the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-10-13 Ryan M. Dreifuerst , Andrew Graff , Sidharth Kumar , Clive Unger , Dylan Bray

Deep learning can be used to classify waveform characteristics (e.g., modulation) with accuracy levels that are hardly attainable with traditional techniques. Recent research has demonstrated that one of the most crucial challenges in…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Francesco Restuccia , Salvatore D'Oro , Amani Al-Shawabka , Bruno Costa Rendon , Stratis Ioannidis , Tommaso Melodia

Watermarking is the process of embedding information into an image that can survive under distortions, while requiring the encoded image to have little or no perceptual difference from the original image. Recently, deep learning-based…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2020-01-15 Xiyang Luo , Ruohan Zhan , Huiwen Chang , Feng Yang , Peyman Milanfar

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across a wide range of natural language processing tasks, demonstrating human-level performance in text generation, reasoning, and question answering. However, training such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Yanbo Dai , Zongjie Li , Zhenlan Ji , Shuai Wang
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