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Hateful and Toxic content has become a significant concern in today's world due to an exponential rise in social media. The increase in hate speech and harmful content motivated researchers to dedicate substantial efforts to the challenging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-25 Suman Dowlagar , Radhika Mamidi

Online social media is rife with offensive and hateful comments, prompting the need for their automatic detection given the sheer amount of posts created every second. Creating high-quality human-labelled datasets for this task is difficult…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-01 João A. Leite , Carolina Scarton , Diego F. Silva

Design decisions are at the core of software engineering and appear in Q\&A forums, mailing lists, pull requests, issue trackers, and commit messages. Design discussions spanning a project's history provide valuable information for informed…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Lawrence Arkoh , Daniel Feitosa , Wesley K. G. Assunção

This paper is a contribution to the Hate Speech and Offensive Content Identification in Indo-European Languages (HASOC) 2021 shared task. Social media today is a hotbed of toxic and hateful conversations, in various languages. Recent news…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Mehar Bhatia , Tenzin Singhay Bhotia , Akshat Agarwal , Prakash Ramesh , Shubham Gupta , Kumar Shridhar , Felix Laumann , Ayushman Dash

Hate speech detection is a crucial task, especially on social media, where harmful content can spread quickly. Implementing machine learning models to automatically identify and address hate speech is essential for mitigating its impact and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Somaiyeh Dehghan , Mehmet Umut Sen , Berrin Yanikoglu

Due to the sheer volume of online hate, the AI and NLP communities have started building models to detect such hateful content. Recently, multilingual hate is a major emerging challenge for automated detection where code-mixing or more than…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Mithun Das , Punyajoy Saha , Binny Mathew , Animesh Mukherjee

Memes on the Internet are often harmless and sometimes amusing. However, by using certain types of images, text, or combinations of both, the seemingly harmless meme becomes a multimodal type of hate speech -- a hateful meme. The Hateful…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-25 Riza Velioglu , Jewgeni Rose

Social networking platforms provide a conduit to disseminate our ideas, views and thoughts and proliferate information. This has led to the amalgamation of English with natively spoken languages. Prevalence of Hindi-English code-mixed data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Ananya Srivastava , Mohammed Hasan , Bhargav Yagnik , Rahee Walambe , Ketan Kotecha

Personal attacks in the context of social media conversations often lead to fast-paced derailment, leading to even more harmful exchanges being made. State-of-the-art systems for the detection of such conversational derailment often make…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-20 Steven Leung , Filippos Papapolyzos

The digital age has expanded social media and online forums, allowing free expression for nearly 45% of the global population. Yet, it has also fueled online harassment, bullying, and harmful behaviors like hate speech and toxic comments…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Vuong M. Ngo , Cach N. Dang , Kien V. Nguyen , Mark Roantree

Fake news is fake material in a news media format but is not processed properly by news agencies. The fake material can provoke or defame significant entities or individuals or potentially even for the personal interests of the creators,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Shafna Fitria Nur Azizah , Hasan Dwi Cahyono , Sari Widya Sihwi , Wisnu Widiarto

With the ever-growing presence of social media platforms comes the increased spread of harmful content and the need for robust hate speech detection systems. Such systems easily overfit to specific targets and keywords, and evaluating them…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-20 Maike Züfle , Verna Dankers , Ivan Titov

Twitter and other social media platforms have become vital sources of real time information during disasters and public safety emergencies. Automatically classifying disaster related tweets can help emergency services respond faster and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Sharif Noor Zisad , N. M. Istiak Chowdhury , Ragib Hasan

A growing body of work has focused on text classification methods for detecting the increasing amount of hate speech posted online. This progress has been limited to only a select number of highly-resourced languages causing detection…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Aman Khullar , Daniel Nkemelu , Cuong V. Nguyen , Michael L. Best

In our increasingly interconnected digital world, social media platforms have emerged as powerful channels for the dissemination of hate speech and offensive content. This work delves into the domain of hate speech detection, placing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Ananya Joshi , Raviraj Joshi

We present a neural-network based approach to classifying online hate speech in general, as well as racist and sexist speech in particular. Using pre-trained word embeddings and max/mean pooling from simple, fully-connected transformations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-28 Rohan Kshirsagar , Tyus Cukuvac , Kathleen McKeown , Susan McGregor

There is an increase in the proliferation of online hate commensurate with the rise in the usage of social media. In response, there is also a significant advancement in the creation of automated tools aimed at identifying harmful text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Rabiraj Bandyopadhyay , Dennis Assenmacher , Jose M. Alonso Moral , Claudia Wagner

Pre-training large neural language models, such as BERT, has led to impressive gains on many natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Although this method has proven to be effective for many domains, it might not always provide desirable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Omkar Gokhale , Aditya Kane , Shantanu Patankar , Tanmay Chavan , Raviraj Joshi

Exploiting social media to spread hate has tremendously increased over the years. Lately, multi-modal hateful content such as memes has drawn relatively more traction than uni-modal content. Moreover, the availability of implicit content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Piush Aggarwal , Pranit Chawla , Mithun Das , Punyajoy Saha , Binny Mathew , Torsten Zesch , Animesh Mukherjee

Recent advancements in technology have led to a boost in social media usage which has ultimately led to large amounts of user-generated data which also includes hateful and offensive speech. The language used in social media is often a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Geet Shingi , Vedangi Wagh