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LLM-based agents have recently attracted significant attention due to their ability to autonomously invoke relevant tools to accomplish complex tasks. However, recent studies have shown that these agents face severe security risks, which…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Jiaqi Luo , Songyang Peng , Jiarun Dai , Zhile Chen , Zhuoxiang Shen , Geng Hong , Xudong Pan , Yuan Zhang , Min Yang

The rapid deployment of AI agents acting autonomously on behalf of human principals has outpaced the development of cryptographic protocols for establishing, bounding, and revoking human-AI trust relationships. Existing frameworks (TLS,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Zhaoliang Chen

AI agents aim to solve complex tasks by combining text-based reasoning with external tool calls. Unfortunately, AI agents are vulnerable to prompt injection attacks where data returned by external tools hijacks the agent to execute…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Edoardo Debenedetti , Jie Zhang , Mislav Balunović , Luca Beurer-Kellner , Marc Fischer , Florian Tramèr

As the "agentic web" takes shape-billions of AI agents (often LLM-powered) autonomously transacting and collaborating-trust shifts from human oversight to protocol design. In 2025, several inter-agent protocols crystallized this shift,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Botao 'Amber' Hu , Helena Rong

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly being deployed as conversational assistants capable of performing complex real-world tasks through tool integration. This enhanced ability to interact with external systems and process…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Feiran Jia , Tong Wu , Xin Qin , Anna Squicciarini

Agentic AI systems -- Large Language Models (LLMs) augmented with planning, tool use, memory, and long-horizon interactions -- can execute complex tasks autonomously, but their multi-step trajectories introduce new failure modes that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jinhu Qi , Muzhi Li , Jiahong Liu , Yuqin Shu , Dianzhi Yu , Shicheng Ma , Wenqian Cui , Yiyang Zhao , Yiyi Chen , Ruoxi Jiang , Irwin King , Zenglin Xu

Autonomous UI agents powered by AI have tremendous potential to boost human productivity by automating routine tasks such as filing taxes and paying bills. However, a major challenge in unlocking their full potential is security, which is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Ivan Evtimov , Arman Zharmagambetov , Aaron Grattafiori , Chuan Guo , Kamalika Chaudhuri

The recent development of Agentic AI systems, empowered by autonomous large language models (LLMs) agents with planning and tool-usage capabilities, enables new possibilities for the evolution of industrial automation and reduces the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Marcos Lima Romero , Ricardo Suyama

Indirect prompt injection threatens LLM agents by embedding malicious instructions in external content, enabling unauthorized actions and data theft. LLM agents maintain working memory through their context window, which stores interaction…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Ruoyao Wen , Hao Li , Chaowei Xiao , Ning Zhang

Agentic AI shifts LLM serving from isolated prompt-generation requests to stateful, multi-turn executions that repeatedly invoke the model, call tools, and grow context over time. This paper characterizes ReAct-style agents from both the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yichao Yuan , Ankita Nayak , Souvik Kundu , Nishil Talati

As autonomous AI agents increasingly call other agents to complete tasks on behalf of a human principal, a structural accountability gap has emerged: the calling agent accepts the terms of service of the callee without any protocol-level…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ravi Kiran Kadaboina

AI agents are increasingly deployed as autonomous systems capable of planning, tool use, and multi-agent collaboration across complex tasks. However, existing agent-related protocols focus on agent-to-agent interactions, leaving humans as…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Zhiyuan Liang , Enfang Cui , Qian Wei , Rui She , Tianzheng Li , Minxin Guo , Yujun Cheng

A fundamental limitation of current LLM-based AI agents is their inability to build differentiated trust among each other at the onset of an agent-to-agent dialogue. However, autonomous and interoperable trust establishment becomes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Sandro Rodriguez Garzon , Awid Vaziry , Enis Mert Kuzu , Dennis Enrique Gehrmann , Buse Varkan , Alexander Gaballa , Axel Küpper

AI agents, predominantly powered by large language models (LLMs), are vulnerable to indirect prompt injection, in which malicious instructions embedded in untrusted data can trigger dangerous agent actions. This position paper discusses our…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Chong Xiang , Drew Zagieboylo , Shaona Ghosh , Sanjay Kariyappa , Kai Greshake , Hanshen Xiao , Chaowei Xiao , G. Edward Suh

Agentic AI will be an essential enabling technology for designing future mobile communication systems, which could provide flexible and customized services, automate complex network operations, and drive autonomous decision-making across…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Purna Sai Garigipati , Onur Ayan , Kishor Chandra Joshi , Xueli An

The growing deployment of large language model (LLM) based agents that interact with external environments has created new attack surfaces for adversarial manipulation. One major threat is indirect prompt injection, where attackers embed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Hwan Chang , Yonghyun Jun , Hwanhee Lee

The deployment of autonomous AI agents capable of executing commercial transactions has motivated the adoption of mandate-based payment authorization protocols, including the Universal Commerce Protocol (UCP) and the Agent Payments Protocol…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Qianlong Lan , Anuj Kaul , Shaun Jones , Stephanie Westrum

AI agents capable of GUI understanding and Model Context Protocol are increasingly deployed to automate mobile tasks. However, their reliance on over-privileged, static permissions creates a critical vulnerability: instruction injection.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Yifeng Cai , Ziming Wang , Zhaomeng Deng , Mengyu Yao , Junlin Liu , Yutao Hu , Ziqi Zhang , Yao Guo , Ding Li

Large language model (LLM)-based agents combine LLMs with external tools to automate tasks such as scheduling meetings, managing documents, or booking travel. While these integrations unlock powerful capabilities, they also create new and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Jonathan Evertz , Merlin Chlosta , Lea Schönherr , Thorsten Eisenhofer

As Large Language Models (LLMs) grow increasingly powerful, multi-agent systems are becoming more prevalent in modern AI applications. Most safety research, however, has focused on vulnerabilities in single-agent LLMs. These include prompt…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Donghyun Lee , Mo Tiwari