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Consensus-based optimization (CBO) is a multi-agent metaheuristic derivative-free optimization algorithm that has proven to be capable of globally minimizing nonconvex nonsmooth functions across a diverse range of applications while being…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-12 Sabrina Bonandin , Konstantin Riedl , Sara Veneruso

In this paper, we study consensus-based optimization (CBO), which is a multi-agent metaheuristic derivative-free optimization method that can globally minimize nonconvex nonsmooth functions and is amenable to theoretical analysis. Based on…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-09-10 Massimo Fornasier , Timo Klock , Konstantin Riedl

Consensus-based optimization (CBO) is a powerful and versatile zero-order multi-particle method designed to provably solve high-dimensional global optimization problems, including those that are genuinely nonconvex or nonsmooth. The method…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-13 Massimo Fornasier , Hui Huang , Jona Klemenc , Greta Malaspina

Consensus-based optimization (CBO) is an agent-based derivative-free method for non-smooth global optimization that has been introduced in 2017, leveraging a surprising interplay between stochastic exploration and Laplace principle. In…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2024-10-01 Massimo Fornasier , Lukang Sun

Consensus-based optimization (CBO) is a versatile multi-particle optimization method for performing nonconvex and nonsmooth global optimizations in high dimensions. Proofs of global convergence in probability have been achieved for a broad…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-13 Jonas Beddrich , Enis Chenchene , Massimo Fornasier , Hui Huang , Barbara Wohlmuth

Consensus based optimization is a derivative-free particles-based method for the solution of global optimization problems. Several versions of the method have been proposed in the literature, and different convergence results have been…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-04 Stefania Bellavia , Greta Malaspina

Consensus-based optimization (CBO) is a versatile multi-particle metaheuristic optimization method suitable for performing nonconvex and nonsmooth global optimizations in high dimensions. It has proven effective in various applications…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-12 Massimo Fornasier , Peter Richtárik , Konstantin Riedl , Lukang Sun

In this paper we propose a variant of a consensus-based global optimization (CBO) method that uses personal best information in order to compute the global minimum of a non-convex, locally Lipschitz continuous function. The proposed…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-08-25 Claudia Totzeck , Marie-Therese Wolfram

We propose a variant of consensus-based optimization (CBO) algorithms, controlled-CBO, which introduces a feedback control term to improve convergence towards global minimizers of non-convex functions in multiple dimensions. The feedback…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-29 Yuyang Huang , Michael Herty , Dante Kalise , Nikolas Kantas

Global optimization of a non-convex objective function often appears in large-scale machine-learning and artificial intelligence applications. Recently, consensus-based optimization (in short CBO) methods have been introduced as one of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-21 Seung-Yeal Ha , Shi Jin , Doheon Kim

In this work we extend the class of Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO) metaheuristic methods by considering memory effects and a random selection strategy. The proposed algorithm iteratively updates a population of particles according to a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-08-16 Giacomo Borghi , Sara Grassi , Lorenzo Pareschi

We analyze the Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO) algorithm with a consensus point rescaled by a small fixed parameter $\kappa \in (0,1)$. Under minimal assumptions on the objective function and the initial data, we establish its…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-19 Hui Huang , Hicham Kouhkouh , Lukang Sun

We study the derivative-free global optimization algorithm Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO), establishing uniform-in-time propagation of chaos as well as an almost uniform-in-time stability result for the microscopic particle system.…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-02-20 Nicolai Gerber , Franca Hoffmann , Dohyeon Kim , Urbain Vaes

Lately, a novel swarm intelligence model, namely the consensus-based optimization (CBO) algorithm, was introduced to deal with the global optimization problems. Limited by the conditions of Ito's formula, the convergence analysis of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-14 Jiazhen Wei , Wei Bian

In this paper, we are interested in finding the global minimizer of a nonsmooth nonconvex unconstrained optimization problem. By combining the discrete consensus-based optimization (CBO) algorithm and the gradient descent method, we develop…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-16 Jiazhen Wei , Fan Wu , Wei Bian

A novel multiscale consensus-based optimization (CBO) algorithm for solving bi- and tri-level optimization problems is introduced. Existing CBO techniques are generalized by the proposed method through the employment of multiple interacting…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-23 Michael Herty , Yuyang Huang , Dante Kalise , Hicham Kouhkouh

In this work we are interested in the construction of numerical methods for high dimensional constrained nonlinear optimization problems by particle-based gradient-free techniques. A consensus-based optimization (CBO) approach combined with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-11-23 Giacomo Borghi , Michael Herty , Lorenzo Pareschi

We study the finite-agent behavior of Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO), a recent metaheuristic for the global minimization of a function, that combines drift toward a consensus estimate with stochastic exploration. While previous analyses…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-23 Simone Göttlich , Jacob Heieck , Andreas Neuenkirch

In this paper we study consensus-based optimization (CBO), a versatile, flexible and customizable optimization method suitable for performing nonconvex and nonsmooth global optimizations in high dimensions. CBO is a multi-particle…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-28 Konstantin Riedl

In this paper, we study a consensus-based optimization method for nonconvex bi-level optimization, where the objective is to minimize an upper-level function over the set of global minimizers of a lower-level problem. The proposed approach…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-20 Yutong Chao , Xudong Sun , Konstantin Riedl , Majid Khadiv , Jalal Etesami
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