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Vector representations of contextual embeddings learned by pre-trained large language models (LLMs) are effective in various downstream tasks in numerical domains such as time series forecasting. Despite their significant benefits, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Rashed Shelim , Shengzhe Xu , Walid Saad , Naren Ramakrishnan

Multimodal embedding models, built upon causal Vision Language Models (VLMs), have shown promise in various tasks. However, current approaches face three key limitations: the use of causal attention in VLM backbones is suboptimal for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Haonan Chen , Hong Liu , Yuping Luo , Liang Wang , Nan Yang , Furu Wei , Zhicheng Dou

Recently, there has been a surge in the popularity of pre trained large language models (LLMs) (such as GPT-4), sweeping across the entire Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Computer Vision (CV) communities. These LLMs have demonstrated…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Shuxiao Ma , Linyuan Wang , Senbao Hou , Bin Yan

Aligning large language models (LLMs) to value systems has emerged as a significant area of research within the fields of AI and NLP. Currently, this alignment process relies on the availability of high-quality supervised and preference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Inkit Padhi , Karthikeyan Natesan Ramamurthy , Prasanna Sattigeri , Manish Nagireddy , Pierre Dognin , Kush R. Varshney

Explorations in fine-tuning Vision-Language Models (VLMs), such as Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) from Parameter Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT), have made impressive progress. However, most approaches rely on explicit weight updates, overlooking…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Mingyuan Zhang , Yue Bai , Yifan Wang , Yiyang Huang , Yun Fu

Contextual representation models have achieved great success in improving various downstream tasks. However, these language-model-based encoders are difficult to train due to the large parameter sizes and high computational complexity. By…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-03-01 Liunian Harold Li , Patrick H. Chen , Cho-Jui Hsieh , Kai-Wei Chang

High-quality textual training data is essential for the success of multimodal data processing tasks, yet outputs from image captioning models like BLIP and GIT often contain errors and anomalies that are difficult to rectify using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Elyas Meguellati , Nardiena Pratama , Shazia Sadiq , Gianluca Demartini

Large Language Models (LLMs) for public use require continuous pre-training to remain up-to-date with the latest data. The models also need to be fine-tuned with specific instructions to maintain their ability to follow instructions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Ishan Jindal , Chandana Badrinath , Pranjal Bharti , Lakkidi Vinay , Sachin Dev Sharma

Large Language Models (LLMs) can be adapted to extend their text capabilities to speech inputs. However, these speech-adapted LLMs consistently underperform their text-based counterparts--and even cascaded pipelines--on language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Santiago Cuervo , Skyler Seto , Maureen de Seyssel , Richard He Bai , Zijin Gu , Tatiana Likhomanenko , Navdeep Jaitly , Zakaria Aldeneh

Measuring similarity between training examples is critical for curating high-quality and diverse pretraining datasets for language models. However, similarity is typically computed with a generic off-the-shelf embedding model that has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Dylan Sam , Ayan Chakrabarti , Afshin Rostamizadeh , Srikumar Ramalingam , Gui Citovsky , Sanjiv Kumar

A variety of contextualised language models have been proposed in the NLP community, which are trained on diverse corpora to produce numerous Neural Language Models (NLMs). However, different NLMs have reported different levels of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Keigo Takahashi , Danushka Bollegala

Large language models (LLMs) achieve remarkable performance through ever-increasing parameter counts, but scaling incurs steep computational costs. To better understand LLM scaling, we study representational differences between LLMs and…

Pre-trained LLMs that are further trained with image data perform well on vision-language tasks. While adding images during a second training phase effectively unlocks this capability, it is unclear how much of a gain or loss this two-step…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Sedrick Keh , Jean Mercat , Samir Yitzhak Gadre , Kushal Arora , Igor Vasiljevic , Benjamin Burchfiel , Shuran Song , Russ Tedrake , Thomas Kollar , Ludwig Schmidt , Achal Dave

Pre-training Large Language Models (LLMs) on web-scale datasets becomes fundamental for advancing general-purpose AI. In contrast, enhancing their predictive performance on downstream tasks typically involves adapting their knowledge…

Continuous embeddings of tokens in computer programs have been used to support a variety of software development tools, including readability, code search, and program repair. Contextual embeddings are common in natural language processing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-04-29 Rafael - Michael Karampatsis , Charles Sutton

Recent advancements in deep learning have driven significant progress in lossless image compression. With the emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs), preliminary attempts have been made to leverage the extensive prior knowledge embedded…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-25 Junhao Du , Chuqin Zhou , Ning Cao , Gang Chen , Yunuo Chen , Zhengxue Cheng , Li Song , Guo Lu , Wenjun Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance in various NLP applications. However, the majority of existing open-source LLMs are pre-trained primarily on English data and little part of other languages. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Lung-Chuan Chen , Zong-Ru Li

Multi-task learning (MTL) benefits the fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs) by providing a single model with improved performance and generalization ability across tasks, presenting a resource-efficient alternative to developing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Zi Gong , Hang Yu , Cong Liao , Bingchang Liu , Chaoyu Chen , Jianguo Li

Understanding the internal mechanisms of large language models (LLMs) remains a challenging and complex endeavor. Even fundamental questions, such as how fine-tuning affects model behavior, often require extensive empirical evaluation. In…

Large language models (LLMs) excel in various tasks but are primarily trained on text data, limiting their application scope. Expanding LLM capabilities to include vision-language understanding is vital, yet training them on multimodal data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Shanshan Zhong , Shanghua Gao , Zhongzhan Huang , Wushao Wen , Marinka Zitnik , Pan Zhou