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We present a two-step protocol for quantum measurement tomography that is light on classical co-processing cost and still achieves optimal sample complexity in the system dimension. Given measurement data from a known probe state ensemble,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-01 Leonardo Zambrano , Sergi Ramos-Calderer , Richard Kueng

Pauli Measurements are the most important measurements in both theoretical and experimental aspects of quantum information science. In this paper, we explore the power of Pauli measurements in the state tomography related problems. Firstly,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-15 Nengkun Yu

While quantum state tomography (QST) remains the gold standard for benchmarking and verifying quantum devices, it requires an exponentially large number of measurements and classical computational resources for generic quantum many-body…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-19 Zhen Qin , Casey Jameson , Alireza Goldar , Michael B. Wakin , Zhexuan Gong , Zhihui Zhu

Quantum state tomography is a fundamental problem in quantum computing. Given $n$ copies of an unknown $N$-qubit state $\rho \in \mathbb{C}^{d \times d},d=2^N$, the goal is to learn the state up to an accuracy $\epsilon$ in trace distance,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-26 Jayadev Acharya , Abhilash Dharmavarapu , Yuhan Liu , Nengkun Yu

Quantum computers solve ever more complex tasks using steadily growing system sizes. Characterizing these quantum systems is vital, yet becoming increasingly challenging. The gold-standard is quantum state tomography (QST), capable of fully…

Quantum state tomography (QST) is a crucial tool for characterizing quantum states. However, QST becomes impractical for reconstructing multi-qubit density matrices since data sets and computational costs grow exponentially with qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Aniket Patel , Akshay Gaikwad , Tangyou Huang , Anton Frisk Kockum , Tahereh Abad

Trace distance and infidelity (induced by square root fidelity), as basic measures of the closeness of quantum states, are commonly used in quantum state discrimination, certification, and tomography. However, the sample complexity for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-29 Qisheng Wang , Zhicheng Zhang

Quantum state tomography (QST) is an essential technique for characterizing quantum states. However, practical implementations of QST are significantly challenged by factors such as shot noise, attenuation, and Raman scattering, especially…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-26 Artur Czerwinski

In the quantum state tomography problem, one wishes to estimate an unknown $d$-dimensional mixed quantum state $\rho$, given few copies. We show that $O(d/\epsilon)$ copies suffice to obtain an estimate $\hat{\rho}$ that satisfies…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-15 Ryan O'Donnell , John Wright

A common requirement of quantum simulations and algorithms is the preparation of complex states through sequences of 2-qubit gates. For a generic quantum state, the number of gates grows exponentially with the number of qubits, becoming…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-08 Matan Ben Dov , David Shnaiderov , Adi Makmal , Emanuele G. Dalla Torre

We consider the problem of testing whether an unknown $n$-qubit quantum state $|\psi\rangle$ is a stabilizer state, with only single-copy access. We give an algorithm solving this problem using $O(n)$ copies, and conversely prove that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-25 Marcel Hinsche , Jonas Helsen

It is a fundamental problem to decide how many copies of an unknown mixed quantum state are necessary and sufficient to determine the state. Previously, it was known only that estimating states to error $\epsilon$ in trace distance required…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-09-01 Jeongwan Haah , Aram W. Harrow , Zhengfeng Ji , Xiaodi Wu , Nengkun Yu

Quantum State Tomography is the task of determining an unknown quantum state by making measurements on identical copies of the state. Current algorithms are costly both on the experimental front -- requiring vast numbers of measurements --…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-18 Yihui Quek , Stanislav Fort , Hui Khoon Ng

Practical quantum state tomography is usually performed by carrying out repeated measurements on many copies of a given state. The accuracy of the reconstruction depends strongly on the dimensionality of the system and the number of copies…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-07-08 Alex Ling , Antia Lamas-Linares , Christian Kurtsiefer

We consider the task of quantum state certification: given a description of a hypothesis state $\sigma$ and multiple copies of an unknown state $\rho$, a tester aims to determine whether the two states are equal or $\epsilon$-far in trace…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-09 Ryan O'Donnell , Chirag Wadhwa

Quantum state tomography (QST) aiming at reconstructing the density matrix of a quantum state plays an important role in various emerging quantum technologies. Recognizing the challenges posed by imperfect measurement data, we develop a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-31 Hailan Ma , Daoyi Dong , Ian R. Petersen , Chang-Jiang Huang , Guo-Yong Xiang

In this paper, we examine a variety of strategies for numerical quantum-state estimation from data of the sort commonly measured in experiments involving quantum state tomography. We find that, in some important circumstances, an elaborate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-09-16 Max S. Kaznady , Daniel F. V. James

We introduce the problem of *shadow tomography*: given an unknown $D$-dimensional quantum mixed state $\rho$, as well as known two-outcome measurements $E_{1},\ldots,E_{M}$, estimate the probability that $E_{i}$ accepts $\rho$, to within…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-14 Scott Aaronson

Quantum state tomography is the experimental procedure of determining an unknown state. It is not only essential for the verification of resources and processors of quantum information but is also important in its own right with regard to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-20 Mahn-Soo Choi

We provide the first non-trivial lower bounds for single-qubit tomography algorithms and show that at least ${\Omega}\left(\frac{10^N}{\sqrt{N} \varepsilon^2}\right)$ copies are required to learn an $N$-qubit state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-30 Jayadev Acharya , Abhilash Dharmavarapu , Yuhan Liu , Nengkun Yu