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Recent work has shown that sample-based Minimum Bayes Risk (MBR) decoding outperforms beam search in text-to-text generation tasks, such as machine translation, text summarization, and image captioning. On the other hand, beam search is the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Yuu Jinnai

Minimum Bayes Risk (MBR) decoding has seen renewed interest as an alternative to traditional generation strategies. While MBR has proven effective in machine translation, where the variability of a language model's outcome space is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Bryan Eikema , Anna Rutkiewicz , Mario Giulianelli

For extended periods of time, sequence generation models rely on beam search algorithm to generate output sequence. However, the correctness of beam search degrades when the a model is over-confident about a suboptimal prediction. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-06-09 Raphael Shu , Hideki Nakayama

Minimum Bayes-risk (MBR) decoding has recently gained renewed attention in text generation. MBR decoding considers texts sampled from a model as pseudo-references and selects the text with the highest similarity to the others. Therefore,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Atsumoto Ohashi , Ukyo Honda , Tetsuro Morimura , Yuu Jinnai

This paper explores Minimum Bayes Risk (MBR) decoding for self-improvement in machine translation (MT), particularly for domain adaptation and low-resource languages. We implement the self-improvement process by fine-tuning the model on its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Kamil Guttmann , Mikołaj Pokrywka , Adrian Charkiewicz , Artur Nowakowski

Neural metrics have achieved impressive correlation with human judgements in the evaluation of machine translation systems, but before we can safely optimise towards such metrics, we should be aware of (and ideally eliminate) biases toward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Chantal Amrhein , Rico Sennrich

Beam search is the most widely used decoding method for neural machine translation (NMT). In practice, the top-1 candidate with the highest log-probability among the n candidates is selected as the preferred one. However, this top-1…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-02 Yidan Zhang , Yu Wan , Dayiheng Liu , Baosong Yang , Zhenan He

While Minimum Bayes Risk (MBR) decoding using metrics such as COMET or MetricX has outperformed traditional decoding methods such as greedy or beam search, it introduces a challenge we refer to as metric bias. As MBR decoding aims to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Geza Kovacs , Daniel Deutsch , Markus Freitag

LLM decoding often relies on the model's predictive distribution to generate an output. Consequently, misalignment with respect to the true generating distribution leads to suboptimal decisions in practice. While a natural solution is to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Tim Tomov , Dominik Fuchsgruber , Rajeev Verma , Stephan Günnemann

Inference methods play an important role in eliciting the performance of large language models (LLMs). Currently, LLMs use inference methods utilizing generated multiple samples, which can be derived from Minimum Bayes Risk (MBR) Decoding.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Hidetaka Kamigaito , Hiroyuki Deguchi , Yusuke Sakai , Katsuhiko Hayashi , Taro Watanabe

Despite the progress in machine translation quality estimation and evaluation in the last years, decoding in neural machine translation (NMT) is mostly oblivious to this and centers around finding the most probable translation according to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Patrick Fernandes , António Farinhas , Ricardo Rei , José G. C. de Souza , Perez Ogayo , Graham Neubig , André F. T. Martins

Recent studies have revealed a number of pathologies of neural machine translation (NMT) systems. Hypotheses explaining these mostly suggest there is something fundamentally wrong with NMT as a model or its training algorithm, maximum…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-29 Bryan Eikema , Wilker Aziz

Inference scaling helps LLMs solve complex reasoning problems through extended runtime computation. On top of long chain-of-thought (long-CoT) models, purely inference-time techniques such as best-of-N (BoN) sampling, majority voting, or…

In the reinforcement learning literature, there are many algorithms developed for either Contextual Bandit (CB) or Markov Decision Processes (MDP) environments. However, when deploying reinforcement learning algorithms in the real world,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Kelly W. Zhang , Omer Gottesman , Finale Doshi-Velez

Bayesian Knowledge Tracing (BKT) is a probabilistic model of a learner's state of mastery corresponding to a knowledge component. It considers the learner's state of mastery as a "hidden" or latent binary variable and updates this state…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Denis Shchepakin , Sreecharan Sankaranarayanan , Dawn Zimmaro

In high dimensions, most machine learning method perform fragile even there are a little outliers. To address this, we hope to introduce a new method with the base learner, such as Bayesian regression or stochastic gradient descent to solve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Hanming Wang , Haozheng Luo , Yue Wang

We present a novel scheme to combine neural machine translation (NMT) with traditional statistical machine translation (SMT). Our approach borrows ideas from linearised lattice minimum Bayes-risk decoding for SMT. The NMT score is combined…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-02-14 Felix Stahlberg , Adrià de Gispert , Eva Hasler , Bill Byrne

Uncertainty of decisions in safety-critical engineering applications can be estimated on the basis of the Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique of averaging over decision models. The use of decision tree (DT) models assists…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2010-12-03 Vitaly Schetinin , Jonathan Fieldsend , Derek Partridge , Wojtek Krzanowski , Richard Everson , Trevor Bailey , Adolfo Hernandez

Recent research in decoding methods for Natural Language Generation (NLG) tasks has shown that MAP decoding is not optimal, because model probabilities do not always align with human preferences. Stronger decoding methods, including Quality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Mara Finkelstein , Subhajit Naskar , Mehdi Mirzazadeh , Apurva Shah , Markus Freitag

Decision making is often based on Bayesian networks. The building blocks for Bayesian networks are its conditional probability tables (CPTs). These tables are obtained by parameter estimation methods, or they are elicited from subject…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-12-31 Wolfgang Garn , Panos Louvieris