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Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in multi-step reasoning tasks, yet their reliance on extensive manual labeling to provide procedural feedback remains a significant impediment. To address this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Zhaorun Chen , Zhuokai Zhao , Zhihong Zhu , Ruiqi Zhang , Xiang Li , Bhiksha Raj , Huaxiu Yao

Automatic Heuristic Design (AHD) has gained traction as a promising solution for solving combinatorial optimization problems (COPs). Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged and become a promising approach to achieving AHD, but current…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Jiawei Xu , Feng-Feng Wei , Wei-Neng Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong capabilities in language understanding and reasoning across diverse domains. Recently, there has been increasing interest in utilizing LLMs not merely as assistants in optimization tasks, but…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Jie Zhao , Tao Wen , Kang Hao Cheong

Tackling complex optimization problems often relies on expert-designed heuristics, typically crafted through extensive trial and error. Recent advances demonstrate that large language models (LLMs), when integrated into well-designed…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Ziyao Huang , Weiwei Wu , Kui Wu , Jianping Wang , Wei-Bin Lee

Constrained multi-objective optimization problems (CMOPs) frequently arise in real-world applications where multiple conflicting objectives must be optimized under complex constraints. Existing dual-population two-stage algorithms have…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Zhen-Song Chen , Hong-Wei Ding , Xian-Jia Wang , Witold Pedrycz

We propose LangProp, a framework for iteratively optimizing code generated by large language models (LLMs), in both supervised and reinforcement learning settings. While LLMs can generate sensible coding solutions zero-shot, they are often…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Shu Ishida , Gianluca Corrado , George Fedoseev , Hudson Yeo , Lloyd Russell , Jamie Shotton , João F. Henriques , Anthony Hu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are traditionally viewed as black-box algorithms, therefore reducing trustworthiness and obscuring potential approaches to increasing performance on downstream tasks. In this work, we apply an effective LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Shun Wang , Tyler Loakman , Youbo Lei , Yi Liu , Bohao Yang , Yuting Zhao , Dong Yang , Chenghua Lin

Recent advances in Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) have led to significant performance improvements across many tasks. These gains come with a drastic increase in the models' size, potentially leading to slow and costly use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Tal Schuster , Adam Fisch , Jai Gupta , Mostafa Dehghani , Dara Bahri , Vinh Q. Tran , Yi Tay , Donald Metzler

While large language models (LLMs) have recently made tremendous progress towards solving challenging AI problems, they have done so at increasingly steep computational and API costs. We propose a novel strategy where we combine multiple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Wenwen Si , Sooyong Jang , Insup Lee , Osbert Bastani

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown promise in addressing combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) through prompt-based strategies. However, their scalability and generalization remain limited, and their effectiveness…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Shengkai Chen , Zhiguang Cao , Jianan Zhou , Yaoxin Wu , Senthilnath Jayavelu , Zhuoyi Lin , Xiaoli Li , Shili Xiang

Large language models (LLMs) excel in general tasks but struggle with domain-specific ones, requiring fine-tuning with specific data. With many open-source LLMs available, selecting the best model for fine-tuning downstream tasks is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Wei Huang , Huang Wei , Yinggui Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in automated code generation. However, existing approaches often rely heavily on pre-defined test cases, which become impractical in scenarios where such cases are unavailable.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Kefan Li , Yuan Yuan , Hongyue Yu , Tingyu Guo , Shijie Cao

The efficiency of large language models (LLMs) is fundamentally limited by their sequential, token-by-token generation process. We argue that overcoming this bottleneck requires a new design axis for LLM scaling: increasing the semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Chenze Shao , Darren Li , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou

We propose a novel approach to multi-robot collaboration that harnesses the power of pre-trained large language models (LLMs) for both high-level communication and low-level path planning. Robots are equipped with LLMs to discuss and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Zhao Mandi , Shreeya Jain , Shuran Song

Significantly simplifying the creation of optimization models for real-world business problems has long been a major goal in applying mathematical optimization more widely to important business and societal decisions. The recent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Segev Wasserkrug , Leonard Boussioux , Dick den Hertog , Farzaneh Mirzazadeh , Ilker Birbil , Jannis Kurtz , Donato Maragno

The integration of large language models (LLMs) into recommendation systems has revealed promising potential through their capacity to extract world knowledge for enhanced reasoning capabilities. However, current methodologies that adopt…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Lingyu Mu , Hao Deng , Haibo Xing , Kaican Lin , Zhitong Zhu , Yu Zhang , Xiaoyi Zeng , Zhengxiao Liu , Zheng Lin , Jinxin Hu

Real-world path planning tasks typically involve multiple constraints beyond simple route optimization, such as the number of routes, maximum route length, depot locations, and task-specific requirements. Traditional approaches rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Dylan Shim , Minghan Wei

Optimization algorithms and large language models (LLMs) enhance decision-making in dynamic environments by integrating artificial intelligence with traditional techniques. LLMs, with extensive domain knowledge, facilitate intelligent…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Sen Huang , Kaixiang Yang , Sheng Qi , Rui Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive reasoning capabilities, yet their direct application to NP-hard combinatorial problems (CPs) remains underexplored. In this work, we systematically investigate the reasoning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Henrik Abgaryan , Tristan Cazenave , Ararat Harutyunyan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable capabilities, yet their improvement methods remain fundamentally constrained by human design. We present Self-Developing, a framework that enables LLMs to autonomously discover,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Yoichi Ishibashi , Taro Yano , Masafumi Oyamada