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Evaluating large language models (LLMs) on their ability to generate high-quality, accurate, situationally aware answers to clinical questions requires going beyond conventional benchmarks to assess how these systems behave in complex,…

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have made significant strides, yet they face challenges in the medical domain due to limited specialized knowledge. While recent medical MLLMs demonstrate strong performance in lab settings, they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Junda Wang , Yujan Ting , Eric Z. Chen , Hieu Tran , Hong Yu , Weijing Huang , Terrence Chen

Background: Empathy is widely recognized for improving patient outcomes, including reduced pain and anxiety and improved satisfaction, and its absence can cause harm. Meanwhile, use of artificial intelligence (AI)-based chatbots in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Alastair Howcroft , Amber Bennett-Weston , Ahmad Khan , Joseff Griffiths , Simon Gay , Jeremy Howick

In medical imaging, particularly in early disease detection and prognosis tasks, discerning the rationale behind an AI model's predictions is crucial for evaluating the reliability of its decisions. Conventional explanation methods face…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Yingying Fang , Zihao Jin , Xiaodan Xing , Simon Walsh , Guang Yang

AI based mental health diagnosis is often judged by benchmark accuracy, yet in practice its value depends on how psychologists respond whether they accept, adjust, or reject AI suggestions. Mental health makes this especially challenging:…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Filippo Cenacchi , Longbing Cao , Deborah Richards

Would you trust physicians if they cannot explain their decisions to you? Medical diagnostics using machine learning gained enormously in importance within the last decade. However, without further enhancements many state-of-the-art machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Emanuel Slany , Yannik Ott , Stephan Scheele , Jan Paulus , Ute Schmid

Mental illness remains one of the most critical public health issues of our time, due to the severe scarcity and accessibility limit of professionals. Psychotherapy requires high-level expertise to conduct deep, complex reasoning and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Zhiyu Chen , Yujie Lu , William Yang Wang

Background: Simulated patient systems are important in medical education and research, providing safe, integrative training environments and supporting clinical decision making. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI), especially large…

Diagnosing rare diseases presents a common challenge in clinical practice, necessitating the expertise of specialists for accurate identification. The advent of machine learning offers a promising solution, while the development of such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Yifan Wu , Yang Liu , Yue Yang , Michael S. Yao , Wenli Yang , Xuehui Shi , Lihong Yang , Dongjun Li , Yueming Liu , James C. Gee , Xuan Yang , Wenbin Wei , Shi Gu

Evaluating large language models (LLM) in clinical scenarios is crucial to assessing their potential clinical utility. Existing benchmarks rely heavily on static question-answering, which does not accurately depict the complex, sequential…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Samuel Schmidgall , Rojin Ziaei , Carl Harris , Eduardo Reis , Jeffrey Jopling , Michael Moor

AI-driven symptom analysis systems face persistent challenges in reliability, interpretability, and hallucination. End-to-end generative approaches often lack traceability and may produce unsupported or inconsistent diagnostic outputs in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Isaac Henry , Avery Byrne , Christopher Giza , Ron Henry , Shahram Yazdani

As the field of healthcare increasingly adopts artificial intelligence, it becomes important to understand which types of explanations increase transparency and empower users to develop confidence and trust in the predictions made by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Felix Liedeker , Olivia Sanchez-Graillet , Moana Seidler , Christian Brandt , Jörg Wellmer , Philipp Cimiano

ChatGPT has enabled access to AI-generated writing for the masses, and within just a few months, this product has disrupted the knowledge economy, initiating a culture shift in the way people work, learn, and write. The need to discriminate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-30 Heather Desaire , Aleesa E. Chua , Madeline Isom , Romana Jarosova , David Hua

Vision-language models (VLM) have markedly advanced AI-driven interpretation and reporting of complex medical imaging, such as computed tomography (CT). Yet, existing methods largely relegate clinicians to passive observers of final…

Large language models are making autonomous drug discovery agents increasingly feasible, but reliable success in this setting is not determined by any single action or molecule. It is determined by whether the final returned set jointly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Maochen Sun , Youzhi Zhang , Gaofeng Meng

In the field of medical imaging, particularly in tasks related to early disease detection and prognosis, understanding the reasoning behind AI model predictions is imperative for assessing their reliability. Conventional explanation methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Yingying Fang , Shuang Wu , Zihao Jin , Caiwen Xu , Shiyi Wang , Simon Walsh , Guang Yang

Language model agents are increasingly used to automate scientific research, yet evaluating their scientific contributions remains a challenge. A key mechanism to obtain such insights is through ablation experiments. To this end, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Talor Abramovich , Gal Chechik

When building artificial intelligence systems that can reason and answer questions about visual data, we need diagnostic tests to analyze our progress and discover shortcomings. Existing benchmarks for visual question answering can help,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-12-22 Justin Johnson , Bharath Hariharan , Laurens van der Maaten , Li Fei-Fei , C. Lawrence Zitnick , Ross Girshick

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has demonstrated potential in healthcare, particularly in enhancing diagnostic accuracy and decision-making through Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSSs). However, the successful implementation of these…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Olya Rezaeian , Alparslan Emrah Bayrak , Onur Asan