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As Vision-Language Models (VLMs) demonstrate increasing capabilities across real-world applications such as code generation and chatbot assistance, ensuring their safety has become paramount. Unlike traditional Large Language Models (LLMs),…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Peiyuan Tang , Haojie Xin , Xiaodong Zhang , Jun Sun , Qin Xia , Zijiang Yang

The success of large language models (LLMs) in scientific domains has heightened safety concerns, prompting numerous benchmarks to evaluate their scientific safety. Existing benchmarks often suffer from limited risk coverage and a reliance…

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable capabilities but remain vulnerable to adversarial manipulations such as jailbreaking, where crafted prompts bypass safety mechanisms. Understanding the causal factors behind such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Wei Zhao , Zhe Li , Jun Sun

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit exceptional capabilities across various tasks but also pose risks by generating harmful content. Existing safety mechanisms, while improving model safety, often lead to overly cautious behavior and fail…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Peixuan Han , Cheng Qian , Xiusi Chen , Yuji Zhang , Heng Ji , Denghui Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools but pose significant safety risks through harmful outputs and vulnerability to adversarial attacks. We propose SaP, short for Safety Polytope, a geometric approach to LLM safety…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Xin Chen , Yarden As , Andreas Krause

Safety lies at the core of developing and deploying large language models (LLMs). However, previous safety benchmarks only concern the safety in one language, e.g. the majority language in the pretraining data such as English. In this work,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Wenxuan Wang , Zhaopeng Tu , Chang Chen , Youliang Yuan , Jen-tse Huang , Wenxiang Jiao , Michael R. Lyu

We reveal a critical yet underexplored flaw in Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs): even when these models know the correct answer, they frequently arrive there through incorrect reasoning paths. The core issue is not a lack of knowledge,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Chaoyang Wang , Yangfan He , Yiyang Zhou , Yixuan Wang , Jiaqi Liu , Peng Xia , Zhengzhong Tu , Mohit Bansal , Huaxiu Yao

Safety fine-tuning helps align Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences for their safe deployment. To better understand the underlying factors that make models safe via safety fine-tuning, we design a synthetic data generation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Samyak Jain , Ekdeep Singh Lubana , Kemal Oksuz , Tom Joy , Philip H. S. Torr , Amartya Sanyal , Puneet K. Dokania

The rapid advancement of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) has led to breakthroughs in various applications, yet their security remains a critical challenge. One pressing issue involves unsafe image-query pairs--jailbreak inputs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Muzhi Dai , Shixuan Liu , Zhiyuan Zhao , Junyu Gao , Hao Sun , Xuelong Li

The safety of large language models (LLMs) has increasingly emerged as a fundamental aspect of their development. Existing safety alignment for LLMs is predominantly achieved through post-training methods, which are computationally…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Sicheng Shen , Mingyang Lv , Han Shen , Jialin Wu , Binghao Wang , Zhou Yang , Guobin Shen , Dongcheng Zhao , Feifei Zhao , Yi Zeng

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have become integral to a wide range of real-world applications by jointly reasoning over text and visual inputs. However, despite recent advances in safety alignment, MLLMs remain vulnerable to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Xinkai Wang , Beibei Li , Zerui Shao , Ao Liu , Guangquan Xu , Shouling Ji

While reasoning models have achieved remarkable success in complex reasoning tasks, their increasing power necessitates stringent safety measures. For safety alignment, the core challenge lies in the inherent trade-off between safety and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yanbo Wang , Minzheng Wang , Jian Liang , Lu Wang , Yongcan Yu , Ran He

The current safeguard mechanisms for large language models (LLMs) are indeed susceptible to jailbreak attacks, making them inherently fragile. Even the process of fine-tuning on apparently benign data for downstream tasks can jeopardize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Xin Yi , Shunfan Zheng , Linlin Wang , Xiaoling Wang , Liang He

Despite the impressive capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in various tasks, their vulnerability to unsafe prompts remains a critical issue. These prompts can lead LLMs to generate responses on illegal or sensitive topics, posing a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Jinseok Kim , Jaewon Jung , Sangyeop Kim , Sohyung Park , Sungzoon Cho

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have demonstrated the ability to interact with humans under real-world conditions by combining Large Language Models (LLMs) and modality encoders to align multimodal information (visual and auditory) with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Hao Yang , Lizhen Qu , Ehsan Shareghi , Gholamreza Haffari

We present a novel framework addressing a critical vulnerability in Large Language Models (LLMs): the prevalence of factual inaccuracies within intermediate reasoning steps despite correct final answers. This phenomenon poses substantial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Rui Jiao , Yue Zhang , Jinku Li

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world applications, yet their ability to make context-aware safety decisions remains limited. Existing methods often fail to balance oversensitivity (unjustified…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Zheyuan Liu , Zhangchen Xu , Guangyao Dou , Xiangchi Yuan , Zhaoxuan Tan , Radha Poovendran , Meng Jiang

The safety alignment of current Large Language Models (LLMs) is vulnerable. Relatively simple attacks, or even benign fine-tuning, can jailbreak aligned models. We argue that many of these vulnerabilities are related to a shared underlying…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Xiangyu Qi , Ashwinee Panda , Kaifeng Lyu , Xiao Ma , Subhrajit Roy , Ahmad Beirami , Prateek Mittal , Peter Henderson

Large Language Models (LLMs) with safe-alignment training are powerful instruments with robust language comprehension capabilities. These models typically undergo meticulous alignment procedures involving human feedback to ensure the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Maithili Joshi , Palash Nandi , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive capabilities in comprehending complex instructions. However, their blind adherence to provided instructions has led to concerns regarding risks of malicious use. Existing defence…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-25 David Glukhov , Ilia Shumailov , Yarin Gal , Nicolas Papernot , Vardan Papyan