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In this work, we investigate grid-forming (GFM) control for dc/ac power converters in emerging power systems that contain ac and dc networks, renewable generation, and conventional generation. We propose a novel power-balancing GFM control…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-07-20 Irina Subotić , Dominic Groß

We analyze a dual-port grid-forming (GFM) control for power systems containing ac and dc transmission, converter-interfaced generation and energy storage, and legacy generation. To operate such a system and provide standard services,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-17 Irina Subotić , and Dominic Groß

This work focuses on grid-forming (GFM) control of Interconnecting Power Converters (IPCs) that are used to interconnect multiple HVAC and HVDC subgrids to form a grid of grids. We introduce the concept of dual-port GFM control that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-07 Dominic Groß , Sánchez-Sánchez , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

This letter proposes a dual model for grid-forming (GFM) controlled converters. The model is inspired from the observation that the structures of the active and reactive power equations of lossy synchronous machine models are almost…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-12 Federico Milano

Modern power systems increasingly demand converter-driven generation systems that integrate seamlessly with grid infrastructure. Grid-based converters are particularly advantageous, as they operate in harmony with conventional synchronous…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-19 Somayeh Mehri Boroojeni , Ehsan Sharafoddin

This paper investigates the transient stability of power systems co-dominated by different types of grid-forming (GFM) devices. Synchronous generators (SGs and VSGs) and droop-controlled inverters are typical GFM devices in modern power…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-13 Xiuqiang He , Hua Geng

This article introduces two control frameworks: one for Grid-Following (GFL) inverters aiding Grid-Forming (GFM) inverters in voltage regulation during large contingency events and optimizing power transactions under normal conditions; and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-25 Jaesang Park , Alireza Askarian , Srinivasa Salapaka

In this work, we investigate grid-forming (GFM) control for dc/ac voltage source converters (VSC) under unbalanced system conditions and unbalanced faults. To fully leverage the degrees of freedom of VSCs, we introduce the concept of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-31 Prajwal Bhagwat , Dominic Groß

Interconnecting power converters (IPC) are the main elements enabling the interconnection of multiple high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) subgrids. These converters can be classified either as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-23 Josep Arévalo-Soler , Mehrdad Nahalparvari , Dominic Gross , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Staffan Norrga , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

Integrating grid-forming converters (GFMCs) into grid-following converter (GFLC)-dominated power systems enhances the grid strength, but GFMCs' current-limiting characteristic triggers dynamic switching between constant voltage control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-22 Bingfang Li , Songhao Yang , Pu Cheng , Zhiguo Hao

The inherent control switching of renewable energy sources (RESs) during intricate transient processes introduces complexity to the dynamic behavior of modern power systems. This paper reveals the dynamic coupling between grid-forming…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-02 Ruiyuan Zeng , Ruisheng Diao , Fangyuan Sun , Wangqianyun Tang , Junjie Li , Baorong Zhou

The grid-forming converter is an important unit in the future power system with more inverter-interfaced generators. However, improving its performance is still a key challenge. This paper proposes a generalized architecture of the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-14 Meng Chen , Dao Zhou , Ali Tayyebi , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Florian Dörfler , Frede Blaabjerg

This paper investigates the design and analysis of a novel grid-forming (GFM) control method for grid-connected converters (GCCs). The core novelty lies in a virtual flux observer-based synchronization and load angle control method. The…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Xueqing Gao , Jun Zhang , Tao Li , Mingming Zhang

With the gradual transformation of power generation towards renewables, distributed energy resources are becoming more and more relevant for grid stabilization. In order to involve all participants in the joint solution of this challenging…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-12-18 Lukas Kölsch , Katharina Wieninger , Stefan Krebs , Sören Hohmann

This work explores the stability, behavior, variants, and a controller-hardware-in-the-loop (C-HiL) verification of the recently proposed grid-forming (GFM) hybrid angle control (HAC). We revisit the foundation of GFM HAC, and highlight its…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-07-19 Ali Tayyebi , Denis Vettoretti , Adolfo Anta , Florian Dörfler

This paper investigates the implementation and application of the multi-variable grid-forming hybrid angle control (HAC) for high-power converters in transmission grids. We explore the system-level performance and robustness of the HAC…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-10-13 Ali Tayyebi , Alan Magdaleno , Denis Vettoretti , Meng Chen , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Adolfo Anta , Florian Dörfler

The classic design of grid-forming control strategies for power converters rely on the stringent assumption of the timescale separation between DC and AC states and their corresponding control loops, e.g., AC and DC loops, power and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-05 Meng Chen , Dao Zhou , Ali Tayyebi , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Florian Dörfler , Frede Blaabjerg

This work develops a constraint-aware grid-forming (GFM) control that explicitly accounts for current limits and modulation limits within the GFM oscillator dynamics generating the GFM voltage reference (i.e., phase angle and magnitude).…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-02 Dominic Groß

Grid-forming (GFM) technology is widely regarded as a promising solution for future power systems dominated by power electronics. However, a universally accepted definition of GFM behavior and precise method for its quantification remain…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-25 Kehao Zhuang , Huanhai Xin , Verena Häberle , Liangxiao Luo , Xiaoying Liu , Xiuqiang He , Linbin Huang , Florian Dörfler

We present a novel, integrated control framework designed to achieve seamless transitions among a spectrum of inverter operation modes. The operation spectrum includes grid-forming (GFM), grid-following (GFL), static synchronous compensator…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-14 Alireza Askarian , Jaesang Park , Srinivasa Salapaka
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