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Inference on large-language models (LLMs) is constrained by GPU memory capacity. A sudden increase in the number of inference requests to a cloud-hosted LLM can deplete GPU memory, leading to contention between multiple prompts for limited…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Abhishek Vijaya Kumar , Gianni Antichi , Rachee Singh

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are plagued by exorbitant inference costs attributable to the profusion of visual tokens within the vision encoder. The redundant visual tokens engenders a substantial computational load and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jiedong Zhuang , Lu Lu , Ming Dai , Rui Hu , Jian Chen , Qiang Liu , Haoji Hu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated strong potential for cybersecurity question answering (QA), supporting decision-making in real-time threat detection and response workflows. However, their substantial computational…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Onat Gungor , Roshan Sood , Harold Wang , Tajana Rosing

LLMs encounter significant challenges in resource consumption nowadays, especially with long contexts. Despite extensive efforts dedicate to enhancing inference efficiency, these methods primarily exploit internal sparsity within the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Yi Zhao , Zuchao Li , Hai Zhao

The quadratic computational complexity of standard attention mechanisms presents a severe scalability bottleneck for LLMs in long-context scenarios. While hybrid attention mechanisms combining Full Attention (FA) and Sparse Attention (SA)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Quantong Qiu , Zhiyi Hong , Yi Yang , Haitian Wang , Kebin Liu , Qingqing Dang , Juntao Li , Min Zhang

Attention mechanisms underpin modern deep learning, while the quadratic time and space complexity limit scalability for long sequences. To address this, Quantum Annealing Multi-Head Attention (QAMA) is proposed, a novel drop-in operator…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-14 Peng Du , Jinjing Shi , Wenxuan Wang , Yin Ma , Kai Wen , Xuelong Li

The increasing context window size in large language models (LLMs) has improved their ability to handle complex, long-text tasks. However, as the conversation rounds continue, it is required to store a large amount of KV cache in GPU…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Yaohua Tang , Zhicheng Hu , Kun Cheng , Fan Mo , Qiheng Lv , Hua Wang , Zhi Chen

Large language model (LLM) inference demands significant amount of computation and memory, especially in the key attention mechanism. While techniques, such as quantization and acceleration algorithms, like FlashAttention, have improved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Hao Kang , Srikant Bharadwaj , James Hensman , Tushar Krishna , Victor Ruhle , Saravan Rajmohan

Excessive memory requirements of key and value features (KV-cache) present significant challenges in the autoregressive inference of large language models (LLMs), restricting both the speed and length of text generation. Approaches such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Vinay Joshi , Prashant Laddha , Shambhavi Sinha , Om Ji Omer , Sreenivas Subramoney

The efficiency of large language models (LLMs) remains a critical challenge, particularly in contexts where computational resources are limited. Traditional attention mechanisms in these models, while powerful, require significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Bingli Liao , Danilo Vasconcellos Vargas

As the demand for long-context large language models (LLMs) increases, models with context windows of up to 128K or 1M tokens are becoming increasingly prevalent. However, long-context LLM inference is challenging since the inference speed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Jiaming Tang , Yilong Zhao , Kan Zhu , Guangxuan Xiao , Baris Kasikci , Song Han

The scalability of long-context large language models is fundamentally limited by the quadratic memory cost of exact self-attention, which often leads to out-of-memory (OOM) failures on modern hardware. Existing methods improve memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Yiming Bian , Joshua M. Akey

Large Language Models (LLMs) with hundreds of billions of parameters have transformed the field of machine learning. However, serving these models at inference time is both compute and memory intensive, where a single request can require…

The quadratic computational complexity of the attention mechanism in current Large Language Models (LLMs) renders inference with long contexts prohibitively expensive. To address this challenge, various approaches aim to retain critical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Hongyin Tang , Di Xiu , Lanrui Wang , Xiurui Geng , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai

Human-AI conversation frequently relies on quoting earlier text-"check it with the formula I just highlighted"-yet today's large language models (LLMs) lack an explicit mechanism for locating and exploiting such spans. We formalise the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Yueqi Zhang , Peiwen Yuan , Shaoxiong Feng , Yiwei Li , Xinglin Wang , Jiayi Shi , Chuyi Tan , Boyuan Pan , Yao Hu , Kan Li

Inference on large language models (LLMs) can be expensive in terms of the compute and memory costs involved, especially when long sequence lengths are used. In particular, the self-attention mechanism used in LLM inference contributes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Prajwal Singhania , Siddharth Singh , Shwai He , Soheil Feizi , Abhinav Bhatele

The Transformer architecture, underpinned by the Multi-Head Attention (MHA) mechanism, has become the de facto standard for state-of-the-art models in artificial intelligence. However, the quadratic computational complexity of MHA with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Adam Filipek

Scaling depth is a key driver for large language models (LLMs). Yet, as LLMs become deeper, they often suffer from signal degradation: informative features formed in shallow layers are gradually diluted by repeated residual updates, making…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Lianghui Zhu , Yuxin Fang , Bencheng Liao , Shijie Wang , Tianheng Cheng , Zilong Huang , Chen Chen , Lai Wei , Yutao Zeng , Ya Wang , Yi Lin , Yu Li , Xinggang Wang

The computational difficulties of large language model (LLM) inference remain a significant obstacle to their widespread deployment. The need for many applications to support long input sequences and process them in large batches typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Luka Ribar , Ivan Chelombiev , Luke Hudlass-Galley , Charlie Blake , Carlo Luschi , Douglas Orr

Efficient real-world deployments of large language models (LLMs) rely on Key-Value (KV) caching for processing and generating long outputs, reducing the need for repetitive computation. For large contexts, Key-Value caches can take up tens…

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