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KnowledgeTracing (KT) involves predicting students' knowledge states based on their interactions with Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS). A key challenge is the cold start problem, accurately predicting knowledge for new students with…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Indronil Bhattacharjee , Christabel Wayllace

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a critical technique for modeling student knowledge to support personalized learning. However, most KT systems focus on binary correctness prediction and cannot diagnose the underlying conceptual misunderstandings…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Yu-Chen Kang , Yu-Chien Tang , An-Zi Yen

Knowledge tracing (KT) in programming education presents unique challenges due to the complexity of coding tasks and the diverse methods students use to solve problems. Although students' questions often contain valuable signals about their…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Doyoun Kim , Suin Kim , Yojan Jo

Knowledge tracing (KT) aims to predict learners' future performance based on historical learning interactions. However, existing KT models predominantly focus on data from a single course, limiting their ability to capture a comprehensive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Wenkang Han , Wang Lin , Liya Hu , Zhenlong Dai , Yiyun Zhou , Mengze Li , Zemin Liu , Chang Yao , Jingyuan Chen

Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), such as Massive Open Online Courses, offer new opportunities for human learning. At the core of such systems, knowledge tracing (KT) predicts students' future performance by analyzing their historical…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Hengyu Liu , Yushuai Li , Minghe Yu , Tiancheng Zhang , Ge Yu , Torben Bach Pedersen , Kristian Torp , Christian S. Jensen , Tianyi Li

Humans ability to transfer knowledge through teaching is one of the essential aspects for human intelligence. A human teacher can track the knowledge of students to customize the teaching on students needs. With the rise of online education…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Ghodai Abdelrahman , Qing Wang , Bernardo Pereira Nunes

Knowledge tracing (KT) is a crucial task in computer-aided education and intelligent tutoring systems, predicting students' performance on new questions from their responses to prior ones. An accurate KT model can capture a student's…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Jiajun Cui , Hong Qian , Chanjin Zheng , Lu Wang , Mo Yu , Wei Zhang

Knowledge tracing (KT) aims to predict students' responses to practices based on their historical question-answering behaviors. However, most current KT methods focus on improving overall AUC, leaving ample room for optimization in modeling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Moyu Zhang , Xinning Zhu , Chunhong Zhang , Feng Pan , Wenchen Qian , Hui Zhao

Knowledge tracing (KT) models, e.g., the deep knowledge tracing (DKT) model, track an individual learner's acquisition of skills over time by examining the learner's performance on questions related to those skills. A practical limitation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-27 Shashank Sonkar , Andrew E. Waters , Andrew S. Lan , Phillip J. Grimaldi , Richard G. Baraniuk

In Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS), tracing the student's knowledge state during learning has been studied for several decades in order to provide more supportive learning instructions. In this paper, we propose a novel model for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Sein Minn , Yi Yu , Michel C. Desmarais , Feida Zhu , Jill Jenn Vie

Knowledge tracing is a technique that predicts students' future performance by analyzing their learning process through historical interactions with intelligent educational platforms, enabling a precise evaluation of their knowledge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Zhiyu Chen , Wei Ji , Jing Xiao , Zitao Liu

Knowledge Tracing (KT) diagnoses students' concept mastery through continuous learning state monitoring in education.Existing methods primarily focus on studying behavioral sequences based on ID or textual information.While existing methods…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Xingcheng Fu , Shengpeng Wang , Yisen Gao , Xianxian Li , Chunpei Li , Qingyun Sun , Dongran Yu

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a fundamental technology in intelligent tutoring systems used to simulate changes in students' knowledge state during learning, track personalized knowledge mastery, and predict performance. However, current KT…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Jiahui Cen , Jianghao Lin , Weixuan Zhong , Dong Zhou , Jin Chen , Aimin Yang , Yongmei Zhou

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a critical task in online learning for modeling student knowledge over time. Despite the success of deep learning-based KT models, which rely on sequences of numbers as data, most existing approaches fail to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Unggi Lee , Jiyeong Bae , Dohee Kim , Sookbun Lee , Jaekwon Park , Taekyung Ahn , Gunho Lee , Damji Stratton , Hyeoncheol Kim

Knowledge Tracing (KT) models students' knowledge states based on learning interactions to predict performance. While deep learning-based KT models have boosted predictive accuracy, most models rely on deterministic vector embeddings and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Siyu Wu , Cong Xu , Wei Zhang

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is to trace the knowledge of students as they solve a sequence of problems represented by their related skills. This involves abstract concepts of students' states of knowledge and the interactions between those…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-08-09 Jinseok Lee , Dit-Yan Yeung

Knowledge tracing (KT) is a fundamental task in educational data mining that mainly focuses on students' dynamic cognitive states of skills. The question-answering process of students can be regarded as a thinking process that considers the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Haotian Zhang , Chenyang Bu , Fei Liu , Shuochen Liu , Yuhong Zhang , Xuegang Hu

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to predict the future performance of students by tracking the development of their knowledge states. Despite all the recent progress made in this field, the application of KT models in education systems is still…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Panagiotis Pagonis , Kai Hartung , Di Wu , Munir Georges , Sören Gröttrup

Knowledge tracing (KT) refers to the problem of predicting future learner performance given their past performance in educational applications. Recent developments in KT using flexible deep neural network-based models excel at this task.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-27 Aritra Ghosh , Neil Heffernan , Andrew S. Lan

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to predict students' future performances based on their former exercises and additional information in educational settings. KT has received significant attention since it facilitates personalized experiences in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Hao Zhou , Wenge Rong , Jianfei Zhang , Qing Sun , Yuanxin Ouyang , Zhang Xiong