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The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is one of the canonical algorithms designed to find approximate solutions to combinatorial optimization problems in current noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. It is an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-12 Ping Zou

Quantum annealing (QA) and Quantum Alternating Operator Ansatz (QAOA) are both heuristic quantum algorithms intended for sampling optimal solutions of combinatorial optimization problems. In this article we implement a rigorous direct…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-31 Elijah Pelofske , Andreas Bärtschi , Stephan Eidenbenz

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) addresses combinatorial optimization challenges by converting inputs to graphs. However, the optimal parameter searching process of QAOA is greatly affected by noise. Larger problems…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-23 Meng Wang , Bo Fang , Ang Li , Prashant Nair

Constrained combinatorial optimization remains challenging for quantum algorithms because feasibility must be explicitly enforced, typically through penalty terms or problem-specific mixers. We introduce Partitioned-Constraint QAOA…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-20 Anthony Wilkie , Alexander DeLise , Andrew Del Real , Rebekah Herrman , James Ostrowski

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm to solve binary-variable optimization problems. Due to the short circuit depth and its expected robustness to systematic errors, it is one of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-23 Jason Larkin , Matías Jonsson , Daniel Justice , Gian Giacomo Guerreschi

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is designed to run on a gate model quantum computer and has shallow depth. It takes as input a combinatorial optimization problem and outputs a string that satisfies a high fraction of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-22 Edward Farhi , Aram W Harrow

Recent advances in quantum technologies pave the way for noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices, where quantum approximation optimization algorithms (QAOAs) constitute promising candidates for demonstrating tangible quantum…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Jingjing Cui , Yifeng Xiong , Soon Xin Ng , Lajos Hanzo

The Quantum Alternating Operator Ansatz (QAOA) and its predecessor, the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm, are one of the most widely used quantum algorithms for solving combinatorial optimization problems. However, as there is yet…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-15 Lennart Binkowski , Gereon Koßmann , Timo Ziegler , René Schwonnek

We study fundamental limitations of the generic Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) on constrained problems where valid solutions form a low dimensional manifold inside the Boolean hypercube, and we present a provable route to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-30 Chinonso Onah , Kristel Michielsen

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a leading candidate for demonstrating quantum advantage on near-term devices, yet the physical origins of its efficacy remain poorly understood. In this work, we study QAOA for random…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-21 Mingyou Wu , Hanwu Chen

The Quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a quantum-classical hybrid algorithm aiming to produce approximate solutions for combinatorial optimization problems. In the QAOA, the quantum part prepares a quantum parameterized…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-23 Ningyi Xie , Xinwei Lee , Dongsheng Cai , Yoshiyuki Saito , Nobuyoshi Asai

The Quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a leading hybrid classical-quantum algorithm for solving complex combinatorial optimization problems. QAOA-in-QAOA (QAOA^2) uses a divide-and-conquer heuristic to solve large-scale…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-27 Aniello Esposito , Tamuz Danzig

In the search for quantum advantage with near-term quantum devices, navigating the optimization landscape is significantly hampered by the barren plateaus phenomenon. This study presents a strategy to overcome this obstacle without changing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-11 Yuhan Yao , Yoshihiko Hasegawa

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) has emerged as a promising candidate for demonstrating quantum advantage on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. While various QAOA parameterization schemes exist, ranging…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Evan Camilleri , André Xuereb , Tony J. G. Apollaro , Mirko Consiglio

Optimal Mixing (OM) is a variation operator that integrates local search with genetic recombination. EAs with OM are capable of state-of-the-art optimization in discrete spaces, offering significant advantages over classic…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Anton Bouter , Dirk Thierens , Peter A. N. Bosman

Understanding the Lie algebraic structure of a physical problem often makes it easier to find its solution. In this paper, we focus on the Lie algebra of Gaussian-conserving superoperators. We construct a Lie algebra of $n$-mode states,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-08 Ju-Yeon Gyhm , Dario Rosa , Dominik Šafránek

Quantum algorithms for binary optimization problems have been the subject of extensive study. However, the application of quantum algorithms to integer optimization problems remains comparatively unexplored. In this paper, we study the…

Discovering configurations that are both high-utility and structurally diverse under expensive black-box evaluation and strict query budgets remains a central challenge in data-driven discovery. Many classical optimizers concentrate on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-11 Saisubramaniam Gopalakrishnan , Dagnachew Birru

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are promising to demonstrate the advantage of near-term quantum computing over classical computing in practical applications, such as the maximum cut (MaxCut) problem. However, current VQAs such as the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Xiaoyang Wang , Yuexin Su , Tongyang Li

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a near-term combinatorial optimization algorithm suitable for noisy quantum devices. However, little is known about performance guarantees for $p>2$. A recent work…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-20 Jonathan Wurtz , Danylo Lykov