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We describe a detector for measuring the time of flight of forward protons at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) up to and beyond the full instantaneous design luminosity of 1034 cm-2 s-1. Our design is based on deep diffused, high gain…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2009-01-19 Sebastian White , Mickey Chiu , Milind Diwan , Grigor Atoian , Vladimir Issakov

Low-Gain Avalanche Diodes are a type of silicon Avalanche Photo-Diodes originally developed for the fast detection of minimum ionizing particles in high-energy physics experiments. Thanks to their fast timing performance, the Low-Gain…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2024-02-07 Gabriele Giacomini , Wei Chen , Gabriele D'Amen , Enrico Rossi , Alessandro Tricoli

Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) are thin silicon detectors with moderate internal signal amplification and time resolution as good as 17 ps for minimum ionizing particles. However, the current major limiting factor in granularity is…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2023-05-26 M. Nizam , K. W. Shin , S. M. Mazza , J. Ott , A. Seiden , B. Schumm , Y. Zhao

This paper presents the possibility of using very thin Low Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGAD) ($25 - 50\mu$m thick) as tracking detector at future hadron colliders, where particle fluence will be above $10^{16}\; n_{eq}/cm^2$. In the present…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2019-09-02 N. Cartiglia , H. Sadrozinski , A. Seiden

Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) technology has been used to design and construct prototypes of time-zero detector for experiments utilizing proton and pion beams with High Acceptance Di-Electron Spectrometer (HADES) at GSI Darmstadt,…

AC-coupled Low Gain Avalanche Detector (AC-LGAD) is a new precise detector technology developed in recent years. Based on the standard Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) technology, AC-LGAD sensors can provide excellent timing performance…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2023-10-24 Kang Liu , Mengzhao Li , Junhua Zhang , Weiyi Sun , Yunyun Fan , Zhijun Liang , Yufeng Wang , Mei Zhao , Kun Liu

Low gain avalanche detectors can measure charged particle fluences with high speed and spatial precision, and are a promising technology for radiation monitoring and dosimetry. A detector has been tested in a medical linac where single…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-02-17 Tommaso Isidori , Patrick McCavana , Brendan McClean , Ronan McNulty , Nicola Minafra , Naomi Raab , Luke Rock , Christophe Royon

A silicon 3D detector with a single cell of 50x50 um2 was produced and evaluated for timing applications. The measurements of time resolution were performed for 90Sr electrons with dedicated electronics used also for determining time…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2019-06-26 G. Kramberger , V. Cindro , D. Flores , S. Hidalgo , B. Hiti , M. Manna , I. Mandić , M. Mikuž , D. Quirion , G. Pellegrini , M. Zavrtanik

Low-Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) are the leading 4D sensing technology selected for use in the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). However, their proximity to the interaction point makes them highly susceptible to…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-06-23 Rajiv Gupta , Sunidhi Saxena , Kalpna Tiwari , Rahul Sharma , Namrata Agrawal , Ashutosh Bhardwaj , Kirti Ranjan , Ajay Kumar

Two design innovations, low-gain avalanche (Low-Gain Avalance Diode, LGAD) and resistive read-out (Resistive Silicon Detector, RSD), have brought strong performance improvements to silicon sensors. Large signals, due to the added gain…

We present the results of an extensive evaluation of strip and pixel AC-LGAD sensors tested with a 120 GeV proton beam, focusing on the influence of design parameters on the sensor temporal and spatial resolutions. Results show that…

For the advancement of the understanding of timing systematics in pixelized readout chips and for the benefit of future fast timing detectors to aid 4D tracking technology in the HL-LHC, we have performed detailed studies of the timing…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-01-25 R. Geertsema

Silicon Carbide device (4H-SiC) has potential radiation hardness, high saturated carrier velocity and low temperature sensitivity theoretically. The Silicon Low Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) has been verified to have excellent time…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-06-22 Tao Yang , Yuhang Tan , Congcong Wang , Xiyuan Zhang , Xin Shi

Silicon carbide (SiC) particle detectors have the potential to provide time resolutions and robust performance in extreme environments which exceed that of silicon detectors. In this work 4H-SiC low gain avalanche detectors (LGADs) and…

In the past few years, the need of measuring accurately the spatial and temporal coordinates of the particles generated in high-energy physics experiments has spurred a strong R\&D in the field of silicon sensors. Within these research…

Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGAD) for the High-Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) are crucial in reducing pileups in the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider. Numerous studies have been conducted on the bulk irradiation damage of LGADs.…

We present a readout chip prototype for future pixel detectors with timing capabilities. The prototype is intended for characterizing 4D pixel arrays with a pixel size of $100\times100~\mu \text{m}^2$, where the sensors are Low Gain…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2023-02-15 Matias Senger , Lea Caminada , Benjamin Kilminster , Anna Macchiolo , Beat Meier , Stephan Wiederkehr

We propose a joint TDC and multi-time-gated imaging single-photon avalanche diode LiDAR sensor featuring a maximum detection range of 108m with a minimum depth resolution (least significant bit) of 2.93mm, fabricated in 110nm CMOS…

Optics · Physics 2026-03-23 Chang Liu , Edoardo Charbon

We present the design and performance characterization results of the novel Fermilab Constant Fraction Discriminator ASIC (FCFD) developed to readout low gain avalanche detector (LGAD) signals by directly using a constant fraction…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2023-06-14 Si Xie , Artur Apresyan , Ryan Heller , Christopher Madrid , Irene Dutta , Aram Hayrapetyan , Sergey Los , Cristian Pena , Tom Zimmerman

The High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) upgrade requires the planned Inner Tracker (ITk) of the ATLAS detector to tolerate extremely high radiation doses. Specifically, the innermost parts of the pixel system will have to withstand radiation…