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Diffusion models have emerged as a promising approach for generating high-quality, high-dimensional images. Nevertheless, these models are hindered by their high computational cost and slow inference, partly due to the quadratic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Omid Saghatchian , Atiyeh Gh. Moghadam , Ahmad Nickabadi

Transformers are widely applied to solve natural language understanding and computer vision tasks. While scaling up these architectures leads to improved performance, it often comes at the expense of much higher computational costs. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-02-25 Cedric Renggli , André Susano Pinto , Neil Houlsby , Basil Mustafa , Joan Puigcerver , Carlos Riquelme

The quadratic cost of self-attention in Vision Transformers (ViTs) constitutes a fundamental bottleneck for practical deployment, motivating a vibrant line of research on token reduction. Among existing approaches, token merging (ToMe) has…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Semi Lee , Hyejin Go , Hyesong Choi

Semantic communication has emerged as a new paradigm to facilitate the performance of integrated sensing and communication systems in 6G. However, most of the existing works mainly focus on sensing data compression to reduce the subsequent…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-21 Haotian Wang , Dan Wang , Xiaodong Xu , Chuan Huang , Hao Chen , Nan Ma

Artificial intelligence (AI) is anticipated to emerge as a pivotal enabler for the forthcoming sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication systems. However, current research efforts regarding large AI models for wireless communications…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-16 Yuhang Li , Yang Lu , Wei Chen , Bo Ai , Zhiguo Ding , Dusit Niyato

Transformers, known for their attention mechanisms, have proven highly effective in focusing on critical elements within complex data. This feature can effectively be used to address the time-varying channels in wireless communication…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Matin Mortaheb , Mohammad A. Amir Khojastepour , Sennur Ulukus

Vision transformer has emerged as a new paradigm in computer vision, showing excellent performance while accompanied by expensive computational cost. Image token pruning is one of the main approaches for ViT compression, due to the facts…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Xiangcheng Liu , Tianyi Wu , Guodong Guo

Despite recent advances in subquadratic attention mechanisms or state-space models, processing long token sequences still imposes significant computational requirements. Token merging has emerged as a solution to increase computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Leon Götz , Marcel Kollovieh , Stephan Günnemann , Leo Schwinn

Pre-trained transformer models shine in many natural language processing tasks and therefore are expected to bear the representation of the input sentence or text meaning. These sentence-level embeddings are also important in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Lukas Stankevičius , Mantas Lukoševičius

The emerging field semantic communication is driving the research of end-to-end data transmission. By utilizing the powerful representation ability of deep learning models, learned data transmission schemes have exhibited superior…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Jincheng Dai , Sixian Wang , Ke Yang , Kailin Tan , Xiaoqi Qin , Zhongwei Si , Kai Niu , Ping Zhang

Token representations influence the efficiency and adaptability of language models, yet conventional tokenization strategies impose rigid segmentation boundaries that do not adjust dynamically to evolving contextual relationships. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Alistair Dombrowski , Beatrix Engelhardt , Dimitri Fairbrother , Henry Evidail

Vision transformers have delivered tremendous success in representation learning. This is primarily due to effective token mixing through self attention. However, this scales quadratically with the number of pixels, which becomes infeasible…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-29 John Guibas , Morteza Mardani , Zongyi Li , Andrew Tao , Anima Anandkumar , Bryan Catanzaro

Modern day Language Models see extensive use in text classification, yet this comes at significant computational cost. Compute-effective classification models are needed for low-resource environments, most notably on edge devices. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Stan Loosmore , Alexander Titus

Semantic communication has emerged as new paradigm shifts in 6G from the conventional syntax-oriented communications. Recently, the wireless broadcast technology has been introduced to support semantic communication system toward higher…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-01 Mingze Gong , Shuoyao Wang , Fangwei Ye , Suzhi Bi

With the advent of sixth-generation (6G) mobile communication technology, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication faces unprecedented challenges in communication efficiency, system generalization capabilities, and model collaboration.…

Vision transformers have demonstrated remarkable success in a wide range of computer vision tasks over the last years. However, their high computational costs remain a significant barrier to their practical deployment. In particular, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Maxim Bonnaerens , Joni Dambre

In this work, a self-attention based conditional generative adversarial network (SA-cGAN) framework for the sixth generation (6G) semantic communication system is proposed, explicitly designed to balance the trade-off between distortion…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-01 Faizan Shafi , Rahul Jashvantbhai Pandya , Christo Kurisummoottil Thomas , Sridhar Iyer

As wireless networks evolve toward AI-integrated intelligence, conventional energy-efficiency metrics fail to capture the value of AI tasks. In this paper, we propose a novel EE metric called Token-Responsive Energy Efficiency (TREE), which…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Tao Yu , Kaixuan Huang , Tengsheng Wang , Jihong Li , Shunqing Zhang , Shuangfeng Han , Xiaoyun Wang , Qunsong Zeng , Kaibin Huang , Vincent K. N. Lau

The evolution of wireless networks gravitates towards connected intelligence, a concept that envisions seamless interconnectivity among humans, objects, and intelligence in a hyper-connected cyber-physical world. Edge artificial…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Yifei Shen , Jiawei Shao , Xinjie Zhang , Zehong Lin , Hao Pan , Dongsheng Li , Jun Zhang , Khaled B. Letaief

Integrated Sensing and Communications (ISAC) has emerged as a key enabler for sixth generation (6G) wireless systems by jointly supporting data transmission and environmental awareness within a unified framework. However, communication and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-17 Ahmet Yazar , Yusuf Islam Demir , Ahmed Naeem , Seyit Karatepe