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Cognitive processes are realized across an extraordinary range of natural, artificial, and hybrid systems, yet there is no unified framework for comparing their forms, limits, and unrealized possibilities. Here, we propose a cognition space…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-01-21 Ricard Solé , Luis F Seoane , Jordi Pla-Mauri , Michael Timothy Bennett , Michael E. Hochberg , Michael Levin

For decades, neuroscientists and computer scientists have pursued a shared ambition: to understand intelligence and build it. Modern artificial neural networks now rival humans in language, perception, and reasoning, yet it is still largely…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Silin Chen , Yuzhong Chen , Zifan Wang , Junhao Wang , Zifeng Jia , Keith M Kendrick , Tuo Zhang , Lin Zhao , Dezhong Yao , Tianming Liu , Xi Jiang

Understanding visual scenes requires not only recognizing objects but also reasoning about their spatial relationships. Unlike general vision-language tasks, spatial reasoning requires integrating multiple inductive biases, such as 2D…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Chan Yeong Hwang , Miso Choi , Sunghyun On , Jinkyu Kim , Jungbeom Lee

Spatial reasoning in large-scale 3D environments such as warehouses remains a significant challenge for vision-language systems due to scene clutter, occlusions, and the need for precise spatial understanding. Existing models often struggle…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Tanner Muturi , Blessing Agyei Kyem , Joshua Kofi Asamoah , Neema Jakisa Owor , Richard Dyzinela , Andrews Danyo , Yaw Adu-Gyamfi , Armstrong Aboah

Spatial reasoning based on natural language expressions is essential for everyday human tasks. This reasoning ability is also crucial for machines to interact with their environment in a human-like manner. However, recent research shows…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Tanawan Premsri , Parisa Kordjamshidi

Augmented Reality (AR) systems are increasingly integrating foundation models, such as Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), to provide more context-aware and adaptive user experiences. This integration has led to the development of AR…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Dongwook Choi , Taeyoon Kwon , Dongil Yang , Hyojun Kim , Jinyoung Yeo

Service robots are expected to reliably make sense of complex, fast-changing environments. From a cognitive standpoint, they need the appropriate reasoning capabilities and background knowledge required to exhibit human-like Visual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-02 Agnese Chiatti , Gianluca Bardaro , Enrico Motta , Enrico Daga

Spatial cognition is fundamental to real-world multimodal intelligence, allowing models to effectively interact with the physical environment. While multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have made significant strides, existing benchmarks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Peiran Xu , Sudong Wang , Yao Zhu , Jianing Li , Gege Qi , Yunjian Zhang

As spatial intelligence becomes an increasingly important capability for foundation models, it remains unclear whether large language models' (LLMs) performance on spatial reasoning benchmarks reflects structured internal spatial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Jiyuan An , Liner Yang , Mengyan Wang , Luming Lu , Weihua An , Erhong Yang

Artificial Intelligence is moving from models that only generate text to Agentic AI, where systems behave as autonomous entities that can perceive, reason, plan, and act. Large Language Models (LLMs) are no longer used only as passive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Arunkumar V , Gangadharan G. R. , Rajkumar Buyya

With the development of foundation model (FM), agentic AI systems are getting more attention, yet their inherent issues like hallucination and poor reasoning, coupled with the frequent ad-hoc nature of system design, lead to unreliable and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Minh-Dung Dao , Quy Minh Le , Hoang Thanh Lam , Duc-Trong Le , Quoc-Viet Pham , Barry O'Sullivan , Hoang D. Nguyen

Foundation models have reshaped AI by unifying fragmented architectures into scalable backbones with multimodal reasoning and contextual adaptation. In parallel, the long-standing notion of AI agents, defined by the sensing-decision-action…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Sicong Liu , Weiye Wu , Xiangrui Xu , Teng Li , Bowen Pang , Bin Guo , Zhiwen Yu

Early artificial intelligence paradigms exhibited separated cognitive functions: Neural Networks focused on "perception-representation," Reinforcement Learning on "decision-making-behavior," and Symbolic AI on "knowledge-reasoning." With…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Zhi Liu , Guangzhi Wang

Seamless integration of virtual and physical worlds in augmented reality benefits from the system semantically "understanding" the physical environment. AR research has long focused on the potential of context awareness, demonstrating novel…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Chengyuan Xu , Radha Kumaran , Noah Stier , Kangyou Yu , Tobias Höllerer

As 6G evolves, the radio access network must transcend traditional automation to embrace agentic AI capable of perception, reasoning, and evolution. A fundamental cognitive gap persists in current disaggregated architectures, where…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xijun Wang , Zhaoyang Liu , Chenyuan Feng , Xiang Chen , Howard H. Yang , Tony Q. S. Quek

Agentic Artificial Intelligence (AI) represents a fundamental shift in the design of intelligent systems, characterized by interconnected components that collectively enable autonomous perception, reasoning, planning, action, and learning.…

For machine agents to successfully interact with humans in real-world settings, they will need to develop an understanding of human mental life. Intuitive psychology, the ability to reason about hidden mental variables that drive observable…

Neuroscience data are highly fragmented across labs, formats, and experimental paradigms, and reuse often requires substantial manual effort. A persistent roadblock to data reuse and integration is the need to decipher bespoke and diverse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Ling-Qi Zhang , Kristin Branson

The rapid deployment of autonomous AI agents across enterprise, healthcare, and safety-critical environments has created a fundamental governance gap. Existing approaches, runtime guardrails, training-time alignment, and post-hoc auditing…

Multi-modal AI systems will likely become a ubiquitous presence in our everyday lives. A promising approach to making these systems more interactive is to embody them as agents within physical and virtual environments. At present, systems…