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As large language models (LLMs) scale to billions of parameters, full-parameter fine-tuning becomes compute- and memory-prohibitive. Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) mitigates this issue by updating only a small set of task-specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Xuan Cui , Huiyue Li , Run Zeng , Yunfei Zhao , Jinrui Qian , Wei Duan , Bo Liu , Zhanpeng Zhou

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) is computationally expensive, and Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) provides a cost-effective solution by approximating weight updates through low-rank matrices. In real-world scenarios, LLMs are fine-tuned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jinda Liu , Yi Chang , Yuan Wu

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT), particularly Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), has become a standard approach for adapting Large Language Models (LLMs) under limited compute. However, in continual settings where models are updated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Hung Le , Svetha Venkatesh

With the rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs), Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods have gained significant attention, which aims to achieve efficient fine-tuning of LLMs with fewer parameters. As a representative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Dacao Zhang , Kun Zhang , Shimao Chu , Le Wu , Xin Li , Si Wei

In recent years, Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods like Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) have significantly enhanced the adaptability of large-scale pre-trained models. Weight-Decomposed Low-Rank Adaptation (DoRA) improves upon LoRA…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Qiushi Wang , Yuchen Fan , Junwei Bao , Hongfei Jiang , Yang Song

Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) has been prominently employed for parameter-efficient fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs). However, the limited expressive capacity of LoRA, stemming from the low-rank constraint, has been recognized as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Zhiwei He , Zhaopeng Tu , Xing Wang , Xingyu Chen , Zhijie Wang , Jiahao Xu , Tian Liang , Wenxiang Jiao , Zhuosheng Zhang , Rui Wang

Federated fine-tuning has emerged as a promising approach to adapt foundation models to downstream tasks using decentralized data. However, real-world deployment remains challenging due to the high computational and communication demands of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Yajie Zhou , Xiaoyi Pang , Zhibo Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are driving advancements in artificial intelligence by increasing the scale of model parameters, which has significantly enhanced generalization ability and unlocked new capabilities in practice. However, their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Chenxing Wei , Yao Shu , Ying Tiffany He , Fei Richard Yu

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for adapting large-scale pre-trained models to downstream tasks with minimal additional parameters. Among PEFT methods, Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) stands out for its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Nghiem T. Diep , Dung Le , Tuan Truong , Tan Dinh , Huy Nguyen , Nhat Ho

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) offers a cost-effective solution for fine-tuning large language models (LLMs), but it often produces overconfident predictions in data-scarce few-shot settings. To address this issue, several classical statistical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Amir Hossein Rahmati , Sanket Jantre , Weifeng Zhang , Yucheng Wang , Byung-Jun Yoon , Nathan M. Urban , Xiaoning Qian

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is an efficient fine-tuning method that has been extensively applied in areas such as natural language processing and computer vision. Existing LoRA fine-tuning approaches excel in static environments but struggle…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Xin Zhang , Liang Bai , Xian Yang , Jiye Liang

Large-scale pretraining followed by task-specific finetuning has achieved great success in various NLP tasks. Since finetuning all parameters of large pretrained models poses substantial computational and memory challenges, several…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Ruiyi Zhang , Rushi Qiang , Sai Ashish Somayajula , Pengtao Xie

LoRA has become a universal Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) technique that equips Large Language Models (LLMs) to adapt quickly to new tasks. However, when these models are scaled up, even the latest LoRA variants still introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Xindian Ma , Rundong Kong , Peng Zhang , Ruoxiang Huang , Yongyu Jiang

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods, such as Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), have significantly reduced the number of trainable parameters needed in fine-tuning large language models (LLMs). The developments of LoRA-style adapters…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Yuxuan Gu , Wuyang Zhou , Giorgos Iacovides , Danilo Mandic

Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) is one of the most popular methods among parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods to adapt pre-trained large language models (LLMs) to specific downstream tasks. However, the model trained based on LoRA…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Yixing Xu , Chao Li , Xuanwu Yin , Spandan Tiwari , Dong Li , Ashish Sirasao , Emad Barsoum

Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) reduces the computational and memory demands of fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) by approximating updates with low-rank matrices. However, low-rank approximation in two-dimensional space fails to capture…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Xiaolin Hu , Xiang Cheng , Peiyu Liu , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Bin Wang , Yong Liu

The growing scale of Large Language Models (LLMs) has necessitated the development of parameter-efficient fine-tuning techniques. Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) has emerged as a promising approach, reducing the number of trainable parameters by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Jessica Liang , Anirudh Bharadwaj

Fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) and storing them for each downstream task or domain is impractical because of the massive model size (e.g., 350GB in GPT-3). Current literature, such as LoRA, showcases the potential of low-rank…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Soroush Abbasi Koohpayegani , KL Navaneet , Parsa Nooralinejad , Soheil Kolouri , Hamed Pirsiavash

Low-rank Adaptation (LoRA) has gained popularity as a fine-tuning approach for Large Language Models (LLMs) due to its low resource requirements and good performance. While a plethora of work has investigated improving LoRA serving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Minghao Yan , Zhuang Wang , Zhen Jia , Shivaram Venkataraman , Yida Wang

In this paper, we introduce Symmetric Low-Rank Adapters, an optimized variant of LoRA with even fewer weights. This method utilizes Low-Rank Symmetric Weight Matrices to learn downstream tasks more efficiently. Traditional LoRA accumulates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Tales Panoutsos , Rodrygo L. T. Santos , Flavio Figueiredo