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As synthetic content increasingly infiltrates the web, generative AI models may be retrained on their own outputs: a process termed "autophagy". This leads to model collapse: a progressive loss of performance and diversity across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Daniele Gambetta , Gizem Gezici , Fosca Giannotti , Dino Pedreschi , Alistair Knott , Luca Pappalardo

What happens when generative machine learning models are pretrained on web-scale datasets containing data generated by earlier models? Some prior work warns of "model collapse" as the web is overwhelmed by synthetic data; other work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Joshua Kazdan , Rylan Schaeffer , Apratim Dey , Matthias Gerstgrasser , Rafael Rafailov , David L. Donoho , Sanmi Koyejo

The proliferation of generative models, combined with pretraining on web-scale data, raises a timely question: what happens when these models are trained on their own generated outputs? Recent investigations into model-data feedback loops…

The widespread use of diffusion models has led to an abundance of AI-generated data, raising concerns about model collapse -- a phenomenon in which recursive iterations of training on synthetic data lead to performance degradation. Prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Lianghe Shi , Meng Wu , Huijie Zhang , Zekai Zhang , Molei Tao , Qing Qu

Large language models increasingly rely on synthetic data due to human-written content scarcity, yet recursive training on model-generated outputs leads to model collapse, a degenerative process threatening factual reliability. We define…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Figarri Keisha , Zekun Wu , Ze Wang , Adriano Koshiyama , Philip Treleaven

Synthetic data has been increasingly used to train frontier generative models. However, recent studies raise key concerns that iteratively retraining a generative model on its self-generated synthetic data may keep deteriorating model…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-09 Bingji Yi , Qiyuan Liu , Yuwei Cheng , Haifeng Xu

Recent research has highlighted the risk of generative model collapse, where performance progressively degrades when continually trained on self-generated data. However, existing exploration on model collapse is limited to single, unimodal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Zizhao Hu , Mohammad Rostami , Jesse Thomason

The problem of model collapse has presented new challenges in iterative training of generative models, where such training with synthetic data leads to an overall degradation of performance. This paper looks at the problem from a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-19 Soham Bakshi , Sunrit Chakraborty

Although synthetic data is widely promoted as a remedy, its prevailing production paradigm -- one optimizing for statistical smoothness -- systematically removes the long-tail, cognitively grounded irregularities that characterize human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Zhongjie Jiang

Training with synthetic data is becoming increasingly inevitable as synthetic content proliferates across the web, driven by the remarkable performance of recent deep generative models. This reliance on synthetic data can also be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Huminhao Zhu , Fangyikang Wang , Tianyu Ding , Qing Qu , Zhihui Zhu

The phenomenon of model collapse, introduced in (Shumailov et al., 2023), refers to the deterioration in performance that occurs when new models are trained on synthetic data generated from previously trained models. This recursive training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Mohamed El Amine Seddik , Suei-Wen Chen , Soufiane Hayou , Pierre Youssef , Merouane Debbah

The proliferation of generative artificial intelligence has given rise to an interactive learning environment, where model parameters are continuously updated using not only data generated by natural processes, but also synthetic outputs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yuchen Wu , Kangjie Zhou , Weijie Su

The study conducted by Shumailov et al. (2024) demonstrates that repeatedly training a generative model on synthetic data leads to model collapse. This finding has generated considerable interest and debate, particularly given that current…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Ali Borji

Model collapse in synthetic data indicates that iterative training on self-generated data leads to a gradual decline in performance. With the proliferation of AI models, synthetic data will fundamentally reshape the web data ecosystem.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Xuekai Zhu , Daixuan Cheng , Hengli Li , Kaiyan Zhang , Ermo Hua , Xingtai Lv , Ning Ding , Zhouhan Lin , Zilong Zheng , Bowen Zhou

High-quality data is essential for training large generative models, yet the vast reservoir of real data available online has become nearly depleted. Consequently, models increasingly generate their own data for further training, forming…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Shi Fu , Yingjie Wang , Yuzhu Chen , Xinmei Tian , Dacheng Tao

Recursive learning -- where models are trained on data generated by previous versions of themselves -- is increasingly common in large language models, autonomous agents, and self-supervised systems. However, standard performance metrics…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Zhipeng Zhang

The increasing prevalence of synthetic data in training loops has raised concerns about model collapse, where generative models degrade when trained on their own outputs. While prior work focuses on this self-consuming process, we study an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Weiguo Gao , Ming Li

Given the ease of creating synthetic data from machine learning models, new models can be potentially trained on synthetic data generated by previous models. This recursive training process raises concerns about the long-term impact on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Ananda Theertha Suresh , Andrew Thangaraj , Aditya Nanda Kishore Khandavally

Training models on uncurated Text Embeddings (TEs) derived from raw tabular data can lead to a severe failure mode known as model collapse, where predictions converge to a single class regardless of input. By comparing models trained with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Lucas Mattioli , Youness Ait Hadichou , Sabrina Chaouche , Martin Gonzalez

Recursive Self-Improvement (RSI) enables intelligence systems to autonomously refine their capabilities. This paper explores the application of RSI in text-to-image diffusion models, addressing the challenge of training collapse caused by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Xulu Zhang , Xiaoyong Wei , Jinlin Wu , Jiaxin Wu , Zhaoxiang Zhang , Zhen Lei , Qing Li
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