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Language models typically tokenize text into subwords, using a deterministic, hand-engineered heuristic of combining characters into longer surface-level strings such as 'ing' or whole words. Recent literature has repeatedly shown the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Avijit Thawani , Saurabh Ghanekar , Xiaoyuan Zhu , Jay Pujara

Vector quantization-based image semantic communication systems have successfully boosted transmission efficiency, but face challenges with conflicting requirements between codebook design and digital constellation modulation. Traditional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Yingbin Zhou , Yaping Sun , Guanying Chen , Xiaodong Xu , Hao Chen , Binhong Huang , Shuguang Cui , Ping Zhang

Subword tokenization introduces a computational layer in language models where many distinct token sequences decode to the same surface form and preserve meaning, yet induce different internal computations. Despite this non-uniqueness,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Adrian Cosma , Stefan Ruseti , Emilian Radoi , Mihai Dascalu

Tokenization is an important first step in Natural Language Processing (NLP) pipelines because it decides how models learn and represent linguistic information. However, current subword tokenizers like SentencePiece or HuggingFace BPE are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Firoj Ahmmed Patwary , Abdullah Al Noman

Although text-to-image (T2I) models exhibit remarkable generation capabilities, they frequently fail to accurately bind semantically related objects or attributes in the input prompts; a challenge termed semantic binding. Previous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Taihang Hu , Linxuan Li , Joost van de Weijer , Hongcheng Gao , Fahad Shahbaz Khan , Jian Yang , Ming-Ming Cheng , Kai Wang , Yaxing Wang

Adapting pretrained language models to low-resource, morphologically rich languages remains a significant challenge. Existing vocabulary expansion methods typically rely on arbitrarily segmented subword units, resulting in fragmented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Hailay Teklehaymanot , Dren Fazlija , Wolfgang Nejdl

Subword tokenization schemes are the dominant technique used in current NLP models. However, such schemes can be rigid and tokenizers built on one corpus do not adapt well to other parallel corpora. It has also been observed that in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Makesh Narsimhan Sreedhar , Xiangpeng Wan , Yu Cheng , Junjie Hu

The popular subword tokenizers of current language models, such as Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE), are known not to respect morpheme boundaries, which affects the downstream performance of the models. While many improved tokenization algorithms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Khuyagbaatar Batsuren , Ekaterina Vylomova , Verna Dankers , Tsetsuukhei Delgerbaatar , Omri Uzan , Yuval Pinter , Gábor Bella

The long speech sequence has been troubling language models (LM) based TTS approaches in terms of modeling complexity and efficiency. This work proposes SoCodec, a semantic-ordered multi-stream speech codec, to address this issue. It…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Haohan Guo , Fenglong Xie , Kun Xie , Dongchao Yang , Dake Guo , Xixin Wu , Helen Meng

Tokenization is an important text preprocessing step to prepare input tokens for deep language models. WordPiece and BPE are de facto methods employed by important models, such as BERT and GPT. However, the impact of tokenization can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Cagri Toraman , Eyup Halit Yilmaz , Furkan Şahinuç , Oguzhan Ozcelik

Character-level language models obviate the need for separately trained tokenizers, but efficiency suffers from longer sequence lengths. Learning to combine character representations into tokens has made training these models more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-16 William Fleshman , Benjamin Van Durme

Language models typically tokenize raw text into sequences of subword identifiers from a predefined vocabulary, a process inherently sensitive to typographical errors, length variations, and largely oblivious to the internal structure of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Yekun Chai , Yewei Fang , Qiwei Peng , Xuhong Li

Automatic morphological processing can aid downstream natural language processing applications, especially for low-resource languages, and assist language documentation efforts for endangered languages. Having long been multilingual, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Adam Wiemerslage , Miikka Silfverberg , Changbing Yang , Arya D. McCarthy , Garrett Nicolai , Eliana Colunga , Katharina Kann

Prior motion generation largely follows two paradigms: continuous diffusion models that excel at kinematic control, and discrete token-based generators that are effective for semantic conditioning. To combine their strengths, we propose a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Chenyang Gu , Mingyuan Zhang , Haozhe Xie , Zhongang Cai , Lei Yang , Ziwei Liu

The SIGMORPHON 2022 shared task on morpheme segmentation challenged systems to decompose a word into a sequence of morphemes and covered most types of morphology: compounds, derivations, and inflections. Subtask 1, word-level morpheme…

In recent years, there has been growing interest in representing speech with discrete tokens, which serve as pseudo-text for speech language models (speechLMs) and as efficient intermediate representations for downstream tasks. These tokens…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Kentaro Onda , Hayato Futami , Yosuke Kashiwagi , Emiru Tsunoo , Shinji Watanabe

Ge'ez is an ancient Semitic language renowned for its unique alphabet. It serves as the script for numerous languages, including Tigrinya and Amharic, and played a pivotal role in Ethiopia's cultural and religious development during the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Gebrearegawi Gebremariam , Hailay Teklehaymanot , Gebregewergs Mezgebe

Radiology reports contain rich clinical information that can be used to train imaging models without relying on costly manual annotation. However, existing approaches face critical limitations: rule-based methods struggle with linguistic…

Neural codec language model (LM) has demonstrated strong capability in zero-shot text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis. However, the codec LM often suffers from limitations in inference speed and stability, due to its auto-regressive nature and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-25 Yakun Song , Zhuo Chen , Xiaofei Wang , Ziyang Ma , Guanrou Yang , Xie Chen

Tokenization -- the process of decomposing a given text into a sequence of subwords called tokens -- is one of the key components in the development of language models. Particularly, auto-regressive language models generate texts token by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Daiki Chijiwa , Taku Hasegawa , Kyosuke Nishida , Shin'ya Yamaguchi , Tomoya Ohba , Tamao Sakao , Susumu Takeuchi