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Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a biologically inspired computational paradigm that emulates neuronal activity through discrete spike-based processing. Despite their advantages, training SNNs with traditional backpropagation (BP)…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Mohammadnavid Ghader , Saeed Reza Kheradpisheh , Bahar Farahani , Mahmood Fazlali

Backpropagation algorithm has been widely used as a mainstream learning procedure for neural networks in the past decade, and has played a significant role in the development of deep learning. However, there exist some limitations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Gongpei Zhao , Tao Wang , Yidong Li , Yi Jin , Congyan Lang , Haibin Ling

Traditional backpropagation of error, though a highly successful algorithm for learning in artificial neural network models, includes features which are biologically implausible for learning in real neural circuits. An alternative called…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-06 Nasir Ahmad , Marcel A. J. van Gerven , Luca Ambrogioni

Backpropagation algorithm is indispensable for the training of feedforward neural networks. It requires propagating error gradients sequentially from the output layer all the way back to the input layer. The backward locking in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-24 Zhouyuan Huo , Bin Gu , Qian Yang , Heng Huang

Incorporating the Forward Forward algorithm into neural network training represents a transformative shift from traditional methods, introducing a dual forward mechanism that streamlines the learning process by bypassing the complexities of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Mitra Bakhshi

Modern machine learning models are able to outperform humans on a variety of non-trivial tasks. However, as the complexity of the models increases, they consume significant amounts of power and still struggle to generalize effectively to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Thomas Dooms , Ing Jyh Tsang , Jose Oramas

Reducing energy consumption has become a pressing need for modern machine learning, which has achieved many of its most impressive results by scaling to larger and more energy-consumptive neural networks. Unfortunately, the main algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Risi Jaiswal , Supriyo Datta , Joseph G. Makin

Backpropagation is still the de facto algorithm used today to train neural networks. With the exponential growth of recent architectures, the computational cost of this algorithm also becomes a burden. The recent PEPITA and forward-only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Paul Caillon , Alex Colagrande , Erwan Fagnou , Blaise Delattre , Alexandre Allauzen

Function regression/approximation is a fundamental application of machine learning. Neural networks (NNs) can be easily trained for function regression using a sufficient number of neurons and epochs. The forward-forward learning algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Shivam Padmani , Akshay Joshi

The Forward-Forward (FF) Algorithm has been recently proposed to alleviate the issues of backpropagation (BP) commonly used to train deep neural networks. However, its current formulation exhibits limitations such as the generation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Andreas Papachristodoulou , Christos Kyrkou , Stelios Timotheou , Theocharis Theocharides

The concept of a recently proposed Forward-Forward learning algorithm for fully connected artificial neural networks is applied to a single multi output perceptron for classification. The parameters of the system are trained with respect to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-07 K. Fredrik Karlsson

The so-called Forward-Forward Algorithm (FFA) has recently gained momentum as an alternative to the conventional back-propagation algorithm for neural network learning, yielding competitive performance across various modeling tasks. By…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Erik B. Terres-Escudero , Javier Del Ser , Pablo Garcia Bringas

A recent paper by Boughammoura (2023) describes the back-propagation algorithm in terms of an alternative formulation called the F-adjoint method. In particular, by the F-adjoint algorithm the computation of the loss gradient, with respect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Ahmed Boughammoura

The forward-forward algorithm presents a new method of training neural networks by updating weights during an inference, performing parameter updates for each layer individually. This immediately reduces memory requirements during training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Michael Hopwood

We introduce Error Forward-Propagation, a biologically plausible mechanism to propagate error feedback forward through the network. Architectural constraints on connectivity are virtually eliminated for error feedback in the brain;…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-08-13 Adam A. Kohan , Edward A. Rietman , Hava T. Siegelmann

We propose the predictive forward-forward (PFF) algorithm for conducting credit assignment in neural systems. Specifically, we design a novel, dynamic recurrent neural system that learns a directed generative circuit jointly and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Alexander Ororbia , Ankur Mali

The paper proposes a new algorithm called SymBa that aims to achieve more biologically plausible learning than Back-Propagation (BP). The algorithm is based on the Forward-Forward (FF) algorithm, which is a BP-free method for training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Heung-Chang Lee , Jeonggeun Song

The present work deals with an improved back-propagation algorithm based on Gauss-Newton numerical optimization method for fast convergence. The steepest descent method is used for the back-propagation. The algorithm is tested using various…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-06-21 Sudarshan Nandy , Partha Pratim Sarkar , Achintya Das

Optimization algorithms are normally influenced by meta-heuristic approach. In recent years several hybrid methods for optimization are developed to find out a better solution. The proposed work using meta-heuristic Nature Inspired…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-06-26 Sudarshan Nandy , Partha Pratim Sarkar , Achintya Das

We propose several deep-learning accelerated optimization solvers with convergence guarantees. We use ideas from the analysis of accelerated forward-backward schemes like FISTA, but instead of the classical approach of proving convergence…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-05-12 Sebastian Banert , Jevgenija Rudzusika , Ozan Öktem , Jonas Adler