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Failure attribution is essential for diagnosing and improving multi-agent systems (MAS), yet existing benchmarks and methods largely assume a single deterministic root cause for each failure. In practice, MAS failures often admit multiple…

When multi-agent systems (MAS) fail, identifying where the decisive error occurred is the first step for automated recovery to an earlier state. Error attribution remains a fundamental challenge due to the long interaction traces that large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Naihe Feng , Yi Sui , Shiyi Hou , Ga Wu , Jesse C. Cresswell

Large Language Model Powered Multi-Agent Systems (MASs) are increasingly employed to automate complex real-world problems, such as programming and scientific discovery. Despite their promising, MASs are not without their flaws. However,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Yu Ge , Linna Xie , Zhong Li , Yu Pei , Tian Zhang

Failure attribution in LLM multi-agent systems-identifying the agent and step responsible for task failures-provides crucial clues for systems debugging but remains underexplored and labor-intensive. In this paper, we propose and formulate…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Shaokun Zhang , Ming Yin , Jieyu Zhang , Jiale Liu , Zhiguang Han , Jingyang Zhang , Beibin Li , Chi Wang , Huazheng Wang , Yiran Chen , Qingyun Wu

Large language model-driven multi-agent systems (LLM-MAS) excel at complex tasks, yet unreliable agents remain a key bottleneck to system-level reliability. Automatic failure attribution is therefore critical, but existing approaches, such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Hezhe Qiao , Hanghang Tong , Ee-Peng Lim , Bing Liu , Guansong Pang

Failure attribution in multi-agent systems -- pinpointing the exact step where a decisive error occurs -- is a critical yet unsolved challenge. Current methods treat this as a pattern recognition task over long conversation logs, leading to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Alva West , Yixuan Weng , Minjun Zhu , Zhen Lin , Zhiyuan Ning , Yue Zhang

LLM-powered Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in complex domains but suffer from inherent fragility and opaque failure mechanisms. Existing failure attribution methods, whether relying on direct prompting,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Yawen Wang , Wenjie Wu , Junjie Wang , Qing Wang

Despite enthusiasm for Multi-Agent LLM Systems (MAS), their performance gains on popular benchmarks are often minimal. This gap highlights a critical need for a principled understanding of why MAS fail. Addressing this question requires…

Failure attribution in LLM-based multi-agent systems aims to identify the steps that contribute to a failed execution. This task remains difficult because a single execution can contain many agent actions and tool calls, failure evidence…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Yang Liu , Hongjiang Feng , Junsong Pu , Zhuangbin Chen

As multi-agent systems (MAS) become increasingly complex, identifying the contributions of individual agents is critical for system optimization. However, existing approaches lack a rigorous, unified framework for credit assignment. In this…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Mingyu Lu , Yushan Huang , Chris Lin , Su-In Lee

Large Language Model (LLM)-based Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) enable complex problem-solving but introduce significant debugging challenges, characterized by long interaction traces, inter-agent dependencies, and delayed error manifestation.…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jiazheng Li , Emine Yilmaz , Bei Chen , Dieu-Thu Le

Multi-agent systems (MAS) are increasingly capable of tackling complex real-world tasks, yet their reliance on inter-agent coordination, tool use, and long-horizon reasoning makes error recognition particularly challenging. Minor errors can…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yifan Yu , Moyan Li , Shaoyuan Xu , Jinmiao Fu , Xinhai Hou , Fan Lai , Bryan Wang

As LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) are increasingly deployed for complex tasks, ensuring their reliability has become a pressing challenge. Since MAS coordinate through unstructured natural language rather than rigid protocols, they are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Jin Jia , Zhiling Deng , Zhuangbin Chen , Yingqi Wang , Zibin Zheng

Failure attribution, i.e., identifying the responsible agent and decisive step of a failure, is particularly challenging in LLM-based multi-agent systems (MAS) due to their natural-language reasoning, nondeterministic outputs, and intricate…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Mengzhuo Chen , Junjie Wang , Fangwen Mu , Yawen Wang , Zhe Liu , Huanxiang Feng , Qing Wang

Multi-agent systems (MAS) built on large language models promise improved problem-solving through collaboration, yet they often fail to consistently outperform strong single-agent baselines due to error propagation at inter-agent message…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Bohan Lin , Kuo Yang , Zelin Tan , Yingchuan Lai , Chen Zhang , Guibin Zhang , Xinlei Yu , Miao Yu , Xu Wang , Yudong Zhang , Yang Wang

Large language model based multi-agent systems (MAS) have unlocked significant advancements in tackling complex problems, but their increasing capability introduces a structural fragility that makes them difficult to debug. A key obstacle…

Large Language Model based multi-agent systems (MAS) excel at collaborative problem solving but remain brittle to cascading errors: a single faulty step can propagate across agents and disrupt the trajectory. In this paper, we present MASC,…

Large language model (LLM) agents frequently fail on multi-step tasks involving reasoning, tool use, and environment interaction. While such failures are typically logged or retried heuristically, they contain structured signals about where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Akash Bonagiri , Devang Borkar , Gerard Janno Anderias , Setareh Rafatirad , Houman Homayoun

Practical deployment of multi-agent systems (MAS) demands strong performance at test time, motivating methods that guide search during inference and selectively spend compute to improve quality. We present the Multi-Agent System Process…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Milad Yazdani , Mahdi Mostajabdaveh , Zirui Zhou , Ying Xiong

Multi-agent systems powered by large language models (LLMs) are transforming enterprise automation, yet systematic evaluation methodologies for assessing tool-use reliability remain underdeveloped. We introduce a comprehensive diagnostic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Donghao Huang , Gauri Malwe , Zhaoxia Wang
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