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Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model architectures can significantly reduce the number of activated parameters per token, enabling computationally efficient training and inference. However, their large overall parameter counts and model sizes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Arian Raje , Anupam Nayak , Gauri Joshi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained immense success in revolutionizing various applications, including content generation, search and recommendation, and AI-assisted operation. To reduce high training costs, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Hanfei Yu , Xingqi Cui , Hong Zhang , Hao Wang , Hao Wang

Scaling large language models has driven remarkable advancements across various domains, yet the continual increase in model size presents significant challenges for real-world deployment. The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture offers a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Shwai He , Daize Dong , Liang Ding , Ang Li

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture has been widely adopted in large language models (LLMs) to reduce computation cost through model sparsity. Employing speculative decoding (SD) can further accelerate MoE inference by drafting…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Liangkun Chen , Zijian Wen , Tian Wu , Xiaoxi Zhang , Chuan Wu

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models, though highly effective for various machine learning tasks, face significant deployment challenges on memory-constrained devices. While GPUs offer fast inference, their limited memory compared to CPUs means…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Yujie Zhang , Shivam Aggarwal , Tulika Mitra

The mixture-of-experts (MoE) architecture scales model size with sublinear computational increase but suffers from memory-intensive inference due to KV caches and sparse expert activation. Recent disaggregated expert parallelism (DEP)…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Xinglin Pan , Shaohuai Shi , Wenxiang Lin , Yuxin Wang , Zhenheng Tang , Wei Wang , Xiaowen Chu

With the widespread adoption of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models, there is a growing demand for efficient inference on memory-constrained devices. While offloading expert parameters to CPU memory and loading activated experts on demand has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yuxin Zhou , Zheng Li , Jun Zhang , Jue Wang , Yiping Wang , Zhongle Xie , Ke Chen , Lidan Shou

Recent advancements in Mixture of Experts (MoE) models have significantly increased their parameter scale as well as model performance. Extensive offloading techniques have been proposed to address the GPU memory limitations of MoE…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Zhibin Wang , Zhonghui Zhang , Yuhang Zhou , Zibo Wang , Mo Zhou , Peng Jiang , Weilin Cai , Chengying Huan , Rong Gu , Sheng Zhong , Chen Tian

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models promise efficient scaling of large language models (LLMs) by activating only a small subset of experts per token, but their parallelized inference pipelines make elastic serving challenging. Existing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Gursimran Singh , Timothy Yu , Haley Li , Cheng Chen , Hanieh Sadri , Qintao Zhang , Yu Zhang , Ying Xiong , Yong Zhang , Zhenan Fan

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) layers activate a subset of model weights, dubbed experts, to improve model performance. MoE is particularly promising for deployment on process-in-memory (PIM) architectures, because PIM can naturally fit experts…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Hanyuan Gao , Xiaoxuan Yang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures offer the promise of larger model capacity without the prohibitive costs of fully dense designs. However, in real-world inference serving, load skew across experts often leads to suboptimal device…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Shaoyu Wang , Guangrong He , Geon-Woo Kim , Yanqi Zhou , Seo Jin Park

Sparsely Mixture of Experts (MoE) has received great interest due to its promising scaling capability with affordable computational overhead. MoE converts dense layers into sparse experts, and utilizes a gated routing network to make…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Yuan Xie , Shaohan Huang , Tianyu Chen , Furu Wei

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have become a dominant paradigm for scaling large language models, but their rapidly growing parameter sizes introduce a fundamental inefficiency during inference: most expert weights remain idle in GPU…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Qingxiu Liu , Cyril Y. He , Hanser Jiang , Zion Wang , Alan Zhao , Patrick P. C. Lee

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has led to architectures with billions to trillions of parameters, posing significant deployment challenges due to their substantial demands on memory, processing power, and energy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Enshu Liu , Junyi Zhu , Zinan Lin , Xuefei Ning , Matthew B. Blaschko , Shengen Yan , Guohao Dai , Huazhong Yang , Yu Wang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has become a dominant architecture for scaling large language models (LLMs). However, the execution characteristics of MoE inference are changing rapidly and increasingly mismatch the assumptions underlying existing…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Jungwoo Kim , Rubens Lacouture , Genghan Zhang , Gina Sohn , Qizheng Zhang , Swapnil Gandhi , Christos Kozyrakis , Kunle Olukotun

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model architecture has emerged as a promising solution for scaling transformer models efficiently, offering sparse activation that reduces computational costs while increasing model capacity. However, as MoE models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Seokjin Go , Divya Mahajan

The deployment of large-scale Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models on edge devices presents significant challenges due to memory constraints. While MoE architectures enable efficient utilization of computational resources by activating only a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Nishant Gavhane , Arush Mehrotra , Rohit Chawla , Peter Proenca

With the widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs), many deep learning practitioners are looking for strategies of running these models more efficiently. One such strategy is to use sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) - a type of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Artyom Eliseev , Denis Mazur

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as Internet/Web services (LLM-as-a-Service) with strict latency Service-Level Objectives (SLOs) under tight GPU memory budgets. Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models improve quality and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Yuning Zhang , Grant Pinkert , Nan Yang , Yanli Li , Dong Yuan

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have gained popularity in achieving state-of-the-art performance in a wide range of tasks in computer vision and natural language processing. They effectively expand the model capacity while incurring a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Haiyang Huang , Newsha Ardalani , Anna Sun , Liu Ke , Hsien-Hsin S. Lee , Anjali Sridhar , Shruti Bhosale , Carole-Jean Wu , Benjamin Lee