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Human label variation has been established as a central phenomenon in NLP: the perspectives different annotators have on the same item need to be embraced. Data collection practices thus shifted towards increasing the annotator numbers and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Maximilian Maurer , Maximilian Linde , Gabriella Lapesa

High-quality pixel-level annotations are essential for the semantic segmentation of remote sensing imagery. However, such labels are expensive to obtain and often affected by noise due to the labor-intensive and time-consuming nature of…

Safe artificial intelligence for perception tasks remains a major challenge, partly due to the lack of data with high-quality labels. Annotations themselves are subject to aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty, which is typically ignored…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Jonathan Klees , Tobias Riedlinger , Peter Stehr , Bennet Böddecker , Daniel Kondermann , Matthias Rottmann

The performance of a machine learning system is usually evaluated by using i.i.d.\ observations with true labels. However, acquiring ground truth labels is expensive, while obtaining unlabeled samples may be cheaper. Stratified sampling can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-29 Tiancheng Yu , Xiyu Zhai , Suvrit Sra

Supervised classification heavily depends on datasets annotated by humans. However, in subjective tasks such as toxicity classification, these annotations often exhibit low agreement among raters. Annotations have commonly been aggregated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Negar Mokhberian , Myrl G. Marmarelis , Frederic R. Hopp , Valerio Basile , Fred Morstatter , Kristina Lerman

Learning algorithms normally assume that there is at most one annotation or label per data point. However, in some scenarios, such as medical diagnosis and on-line collaboration,multiple annotations may be available. In either case,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-03-19 Yan Yan , Romer Rosales , Glenn Fung , Jennifer Dy

Supervised approaches generally rely on majority-based labels. However, it is hard to achieve high agreement among annotators in subjective tasks such as hate speech detection. Existing neural network models principally regard labels as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-11 Wenjie Yin , Vibhor Agarwal , Aiqi Jiang , Arkaitz Zubiaga , Nishanth Sastry

Human-annotated preference data play an important role in aligning large language models (LLMs). In this paper, we study two connected questions: how to monitor the quality of human preference annotators and how to incentivize them to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Shang Liu , Hanzhao Wang , Zhongyao Ma , Xiaocheng Li

Free-text explanations extend human label variation (HLV) beyond label disagreement by revealing the reasoning and preferences behind annotators' decisions. We study whether large language models (LLMs) can learn and reproduce such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Beiduo Chen , Pingjun Hong , Ziyun Zhang , Benjamin Roth , Anna Korhonen , Barbara Plank

Social spam produces a great amount of noise on social media services such as Twitter, which reduces the signal-to-noise ratio that both end users and data mining applications observe. Existing techniques on social spam detection have…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2015-03-26 Bo Wang , Arkaitz Zubiaga , Maria Liakata , Rob Procter

Partial multi-label learning and complementary multi-label learning are two popular weakly supervised multi-label classification paradigms that aim to alleviate the high annotation costs of collecting precisely annotated multi-label data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Wei Wang , Tianhao Ma , Ming-Kun Xie , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama

Many machine learning tasks -- particularly those in affective computing -- are inherently subjective. When asked to classify facial expressions or to rate an individual's attractiveness, humans may disagree with one another, and no single…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Aneesha Sampath , Victoria Lin , Louis-Philippe Morency

Incorrect labels in training data occur when human annotators make mistakes or when the data is generated via weak or distant supervision. It has been shown that complex noise-handling techniques - by modeling, cleaning or filtering the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-21 Dawei Zhu , Michael A. Hedderich , Fangzhou Zhai , David Ifeoluwa Adelani , Dietrich Klakow

We propose a meta-learning method for learning from multiple noisy annotators. In many applications such as crowdsourcing services, labels for supervised learning are given by multiple annotators. Since the annotators have different skills…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Atsutoshi Kumagai , Tomoharu Iwata , Taishi Nishiyama , Yasutoshi Ida , Yasuhiro Fujiwara

Human-annotated data plays a critical role in the fairness of AI systems, including those that deal with life-altering decisions or moderating human-created web/social media content. Conventionally, annotator disagreements are resolved…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Tharindu Cyril Weerasooriya , Sarah Luger , Saloni Poddar , Ashiqur R. KhudaBukhsh , Christopher M. Homan

Increasing the annotation efficiency of trajectory annotations from videos has the potential to enable the next generation of data-hungry tracking algorithms to thrive on large-scale datasets. Despite the importance of this task, there are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Orcun Cetintas , Tim Meinhardt , Guillem Brasó , Laura Leal-Taixé

High-quality data is a key aspect of modern machine learning. However, labels generated by humans suffer from issues like label noise and class ambiguities. We raise the question of whether hard labels are sufficient to represent the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Vasco Grossmann , Lars Schmarje , Reinhard Koch

Traditional supervised learning requires ground truth labels for the training data, whose collection can be difficult in many cases. Recently, crowdsourcing has established itself as an efficient labeling solution through resorting to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Ye Shi , Shao-Yuan Li , Sheng-Jun Huang

Supervised machine learning often requires human-annotated data. While annotator disagreement is typically interpreted as evidence of noise, population-level label distribution learning (PLDL) treats the collection of annotations for each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Tharindu Cyril Weerasooriya , Tong Liu , Christopher M. Homan

Instead of using a single ground truth for language processing tasks, several recent studies have examined how to represent and predict the labels of the set of annotators. However, often little or no information about annotators is known,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Joan Plepi , Béla Neuendorf , Lucie Flek , Charles Welch