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Despite their remarkable reasoning capabilities across diverse domains, large language models (LLMs) face fundamental challenges in natively functioning as generative reasoning recommendation models (GRRMs), where the intrinsic modeling gap…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Minjie Hong , Zetong Zhou , Zirun Guo , Ziang Zhang , Ruofan Hu , Weinan Gan , Jieming Zhu , Zhou Zhao

Large reasoning models (LRMs) achieve remarkable performance via long reasoning chains, but often incur excessive computational overhead due to redundant reasoning, especially on simple tasks. In this work, we systematically quantify the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Xiaoyun Zhang , Jingqing Ruan , Xing Ma , Yawen Zhu , Haodong Zhao , Hao Li , Jiansong Chen , Ke Zeng , Xunliang Cai

Large language models have achieved remarkable progress on complex reasoning tasks. However, they often implicitly fabricate information when inputs are incomplete, producing confident but unreliable conclusions -- a failure mode we term…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Yiwen Qiu , Linjuan Wu , Yizhou Liu , Yuchen Yan , Jin Ma , Xu Tan , Yao Hu , Daoxin Zhang , Wenqi Zhang , Weiming Lu , Jun Xiao , Yongliang Shen

Large language models often fail on multi-step reasoning due to fixed reasoning strategies that ignore problem specific difficulty. We introduce CARD (Complexity Agnostic Recursive Decomposition), a framework that predicts problem…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Kaleem Ullah Qasim , Jiashu Zhang , Hafiz Saif Ur Rehman

Large reasoning models rely on long chain-of-thought generation to solve complex problems, but extended reasoning often incurs substantial computational cost and can even degrade performance due to overthinking. A key challenge is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Parsa Hosseini , Sumit Nawathe , Mahdi Salmani , Meisam Razaviyayn , Soheil Feizi

Large reasoning models achieve strong performance on complex tasks by generating extended chains of thought, but they often "overthink": continuing to reason long after they have enough information to answer correctly. This wastes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Ömer Faruk Akgül , Yusuf Hakan Kalaycı , Rajgopal Kannan , Willie Neiswanger , Viktor Prasanna

Existing Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) frameworks typically select questions based on the predicted likelihood that the student will answer correctly. This design ignores information contained in students' open-ended responses,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Wanyong Feng , Alexander Scarlatos , Ruochen Sun , Andrew Lan

As reasoning modules, such as the chain-of-thought mechanism, are applied to large language models, they achieve strong performance on various tasks such as answering common-sense questions and solving math problems. The main challenge now…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Zhenjiang Mao , Anirudhh Venkat

Reinforcement learning (RL) training of large language models (LLMs) on unverifiable tasks is challenging even when a reasonable-quality reference answer is available. We propose a constrained RL training framework that (i) optimizes a…

Test-time compute scaling allocates inference computation uniformly, uses fixed sampling strategies, and applies verification only for reranking. In contrast, we propose a verifier-guided adaptive framework treating reasoning as iterative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Ahsan Bilal , Ahmed Mohsin , Muhammad Umer , Ali Subhan , Hassan Rizwan , Ayesha Mohsin , Dean Hougen

Large language models (LLMs) empowered by chain-of-thought reasoning have achieved impressive accuracy on complex tasks but suffer from excessive inference costs and latency when applied uniformly to all problems. We propose SABER…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Kai Zhao , Yanjun Zhao , Jiaming Song , Shien He , Lusheng Zhang , Qiang Zhang , Tianjiao Li

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) perform strongly in complex reasoning tasks via Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting, but often suffer from verbose outputs, increasing computational overhead. Existing fine-tuning-based compression methods either…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Ziqing Qiao , Yongheng Deng , Jiali Zeng , Dong Wang , Lai Wei , Guanbo Wang , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Ju Ren , Yaoxue Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) solve many reasoning tasks via chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting, but smaller models (about 7 to 8B parameters) still struggle with multi-step reasoning under tight compute and token budgets. Existing test time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Sagnik Chatterjee , Atharva Patil , Sricharan Ramesh

Scaling test-time compute enhances long chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning, yet existing approaches face a fundamental trade-off between computational cost and coverage quality: either incurring high training expense or yielding redundant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Ren Zhuang , Ben Wang , Shuifa Sun

Large language models often generate confident but incorrect answers rather than abstaining when uncertain. This problem is particularly acute for small language models (SLMs), where computational constraints and autonomous operation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Ashwath Vaithinathan Aravindan , Mayank Kejriwal

Recent studies have demonstrated that some Large Language Models exhibit choice-supportive bias (CSB) when performing evaluations, systematically favoring their chosen options and potentially compromising the objectivity of AI-assisted…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Nan Zhuang , Wenshuo Wang , Lekai Qian , Yuxiao Wang , Boyu Cao , Qi Liu

While LLMs have seen substantial improvement in reasoning capabilities, they also sometimes overthink, generating unnecessary reasoning steps, particularly under uncertainty, given ill-posed or ambiguous queries. We introduce statistically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yangxinyu Xie , Tao Wang , Soham Mallick , Yan Sun , Georgy Noarov , Mengxin Yu , Tanwi Mallick , Weijie J. Su , Edgar Dobriban

Large language models (LLMs) now exhibit strong multi-step reasoning abilities, but existing inference-time scaling methods remain computationally expensive, often relying on extensive sampling or external evaluators. We propose a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Nicolas Legrand , Kenneth Enevoldsen , Márton Kardos , Kristoffer Nielbo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in complex reasoning tasks, but their inference remains computationally inefficient. We observe a common failure mode in many prevalent LLMs, overthinking, where models generate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Junhong Lin , Xinyue Zeng , Jie Zhu , Song Wang , Julian Shun , Jun Wu , Dawei Zhou

Steering vectors offer a training-free mechanism for controlling reasoning behaviors in large language models, but constructing effective vectors requires identifying genuine behavioral signals in the model's hidden states. For behaviors…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Haomin Zhuang , Hojun Yoo , Xiaonan Luo , Kehan Guo , Xiangliang Zhang