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The role of cosmic rays generated by supernovae and young stars has very recently begun to receive significant attention in studies of galaxy formation and evolution due to the realization that cosmic rays can efficiently accelerate…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-04-11 R. Farber , M. Ruszkowski , H. -Y. K. Yang , E. G. Zweibel

Cosmic ray (CR) feedback has been proposed as a powerful mechanism for driving warm gas outflows in galaxies. We use cosmological magnetohydrodynamic simulations to investigate the impact of CR feedback on neutral hydrogen (HI) in a…

The Milky Way's galactic center is a highly dynamical, crowded environment. Gamma ray observations of this region, such as the excess of GeV scale gamma rays observed by Fermi LAT, have been of tremendous interest to both the high energy…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-09-24 Isabel S. Sands , Philip F. Hopkins , Sam B. Ponnada , Dusan Keres , Lina Necib , Yen-Hsing Julius Lin

Cosmic rays (CRs) with energies $\ll$ TeV comprise a significant component of the interstellar medium (ISM). Major uncertainties in CR behavior on observable scales (much larger than CR gyroradii) stem from how magnetic fluctuations scatter…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-01-24 Iryna S. Butsky , Philip F. Hopkins , Philipp Kempski , Sam B. Ponnada , Eliot Quataert , Jonathan Squire

The bulk propagation speed of GeV-energy cosmic rays is limited by frequent scattering off hydromagnetic waves. Most galaxy evolution simulations that account for this confinement assume the gas is fully ionized and cosmic rays are…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-06-09 Chad Bustard , Ellen G. Zweibel

We use order of magnitude estimates and observational constraints to argue that feedback from relativistic cosmic rays (CRs) produced by massive black holes is likely to have a particularly large effect at radii of order the virial radius…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-05-30 Eliot Quataert , Philip F. Hopkins

Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) are a fundamental non-thermal component of the interstellar medium (ISM). Understanding the transport of super-high-energy particles is essential for interpreting observations of Galactic PeVatrons. Classical…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-04-07 Yue Hu

Using an idealized set-up, we investigate the dynamical role of cosmic rays (CRs) in the early stages of galactic outflows for galaxies of halo masses $10^{8}$, $10^{11}$ and $10^{12}$ $M_\odot$. The outflow is launched from a central…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2020-08-04 Ranita Jana , Siddhartha Gupta , Biman B. Nath

Cosmic rays (CRs) are the probes of the deep space. They allow us to study particle acceleration, chemical composition of the interstellar medium, and global properties of our Galaxy. However, until recently studies of CRs were similar to…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-06-17 Igor V. Moskalenko

Numerical solutions of the cosmic-ray (CR) magneto-hydrodynamic equations are dogged by a powerful numerical instability, which arises from the constraint that CRs can only stream down their gradient. The standard cure is to regularize by…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-03-16 Yan-Fei Jiang , Peng Oh

The $\gamma$-ray emission of star-forming (SF) galaxies is attributed to hadronic interactions of cosmic ray (CR) protons with the interstellar gas and contributions from CR electrons via bremsstrahlung and inverse Compton (IC) scattering.…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-05-26 Maria Werhahn , Christoph Pfrommer , Philipp Girichidis , Georg Winner

In models of galaxy formation, feedback driven both by supernova (SN) and active galactic nucleus (AGN) is not efficient enough to quench star formation in massive galaxies. Models of smaller galaxies have suggested that cosmic rays (CRs)…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-05-02 Akimi Fujita , Mordecai-Mark Mac Low

Cosmic ray (CR) feedback plays a vital role in shaping the formation and evolution of galaxies through their interaction with magnetohydrodynamic waves. In the CR self-confinement scenario, the waves are generated by the CR gyro-resonant…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-07-23 Xiaochen Sun , Xue-Ning Bai , Xihui Zhao

Cosmic rays (CRs) play an important role in many astrophysical systems. Acting on plasma scales to galactic environments, CRs are usually modeled as a fluid, using the CR energy density as the evolving quantity. This method comes with the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-01-04 Matthias Weber , Timon Thomas , Christoph Pfrommer

Recently, cosmic rays (CRs) have emerged as a leading candidate for driving galactic winds. Small-scale processes can dramatically affect global wind properties. We run two-moment simulations of CR streaming to study how sound waves are…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2022-05-04 Tsun Hin Navin Tsung , S. Peng Oh , Yan-Fei Jiang

We explore the impact of diffusive cosmic rays (CRs) on the evolution of the interstellar medium (ISM) under varying assumptions of supernova explosion environment. In practice, we systematically vary the relative fractions of supernovae…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2022-12-28 Christine M. Simpson , Rüdiger Pakmor , Christoph Pfrommer , Simon C. O. Glover , Rowan Smith

Fermi/LAT observations of star-forming galaxies in the ~0.1-100GeV range have made possible a first population study. Evidence was found for a correlation between gamma-ray luminosity and tracers of the star formation activity. Studying…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-18 Pierrick Martin

The diffusion of cosmic rays (CRs) in turbulent magnetic fields is fundamental to understand various astrophysical processes. We explore the CR diffusion in the magnetic fluctuations amplified by the nonlinear turbulent dynamo, in the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-12-03 Chao Zhang , Siyao Xu

Galactic outflows influence the evolution of galaxies not only by expelling gas from their disks but also by injecting energy into the circumgalactic medium (CGM). This alters or even prevents the inflow of fresh gas onto the disk and thus…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-06-04 Timon Thomas , Christoph Pfrommer , Rüdiger Pakmor

We report on observations made with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) using background QSOs to probe the circum-galactic medium (CGM) around 17 low-redshift galaxies that are undergoing or have…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2017-09-20 Timothy Heckman , Sanchayeeta Borthakur , Vivienne Wild , David Schiminovich , Rongmon Bordoloi