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Encoder-only transformer models like BERT are widely adopted as a pre-trained backbone for tasks like sentence classification and retrieval. However, pretraining of encoder models with large-scale corpora and long contexts has been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Issa Sugiura , Kouta Nakayama , Yusuke Oda

Recent years have witnessed a substantial increase in the use of deep learning to solve various natural language processing (NLP) problems. Early deep learning models were constrained by their sequential or unidirectional nature, such that…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Jiajia Wang , Jimmy X. Huang , Xinhui Tu , Junmei Wang , Angela J. Huang , Md Tahmid Rahman Laskar , Amran Bhuiyan

Over the past few decades, Artificial Intelligence(AI) has progressed from the initial machine learning stage to the deep learning stage, and now to the stage of foundational models. Foundational models have the characteristics of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Lewen Yang , Xuanyu Zhou , Juao Fan , Xinyi Xie , Shengxin Zhu

Multilingual pretrained language models have demonstrated remarkable zero-shot cross-lingual transfer capabilities. Such transfer emerges by fine-tuning on a task of interest in one language and evaluating on a distinct language, not seen…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Benjamin Muller , Yanai Elazar , Benoît Sagot , Djamé Seddah

Recent advances in natural language processing (NLP) have been driven bypretrained language models like BERT, RoBERTa, T5, and GPT. Thesemodels excel at understanding complex texts, but biomedical literature, withits domain-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-28 K. Sahit Reddy , N. Ragavenderan , Vasanth K. , Ganesh N. Naik , Vishalakshi Prabhu , Nagaraja G. S

Pre-trained models are widely used in the tasks of natural language processing nowadays. However, in the specific field of text simplification, the research on improving pre-trained models is still blank. In this work, we propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Renliang Sun , Xiaojun Wan

Making an informed choice of pre-trained language model (LM) is critical for performance, yet environmentally costly, and as such widely underexplored. The field of Computer Vision has begun to tackle encoder ranking, with promising forays…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-13 Max Müller-Eberstein , Rob van der Goot , Barbara Plank

Transformers are the most eminent architectures used for a vast range of Natural Language Processing tasks. These models are pre-trained over a large text corpus and are meant to serve state-of-the-art results over tasks like text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Abhishek Velankar , Hrushikesh Patil , Raviraj Joshi

The prevalence of Large Language Models (LLMs) for generating multilingual text and source code has only increased the imperative for machine-generated content detectors to be accurate and efficient across domains. Current detectors,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Shriyansh Agrawal , Aidan Lau , Sanyam Shah , Ahan M R , Kevin Zhu , Sunishchal Dev , Vasu Sharma

The current state-of-the-art task-oriented semantic parsing models use BERT or RoBERTa as pretrained encoders; these models have huge memory footprints. This poses a challenge to their deployment for voice assistants such as Amazon Alexa…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Prafull Prakash , Saurabh Kumar Shashidhar , Wenlong Zhao , Subendhu Rongali , Haidar Khan , Michael Kayser

French language models, such as CamemBERT, have been widely adopted across industries for natural language processing (NLP) tasks, with models like CamemBERT seeing over 4 million downloads per month. However, these models face challenges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Wissam Antoun , Francis Kulumba , Rian Touchent , Éric de la Clergerie , Benoît Sagot , Djamé Seddah

The Arabic language is a morphologically rich language with relatively few resources and a less explored syntax compared to English. Given these limitations, Arabic Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks like Sentiment Analysis (SA), Named…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Wissam Antoun , Fady Baly , Hazem Hajj

Multi-lingual contextualized embeddings, such as multilingual-BERT (mBERT), have shown success in a variety of zero-shot cross-lingual tasks. However, these models are limited by having inconsistent contextualized representations of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Libo Qin , Minheng Ni , Yue Zhang , Wanxiang Che

While BERT is an effective method for learning monolingual sentence embeddings for semantic similarity and embedding based transfer learning BERT based cross-lingual sentence embeddings have yet to be explored. We systematically investigate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jingshu Liu , Raheel Qader , Gaëtan Caillaut , Mariam Nakhlé

Multilingual translation suffers from computational redundancy, especially when translating into multiple languages simultaneously. In addition, translation quality can suffer for low-resource languages. To address this, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Yiwen Guan , Jacob Whitehill

The current dominance of deep neural networks in natural language processing is based on contextual embeddings such as ELMo, BERT, and BERT derivatives. Most existing work focuses on English; in contrast, we present here the first…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Matej Ulčar , Aleš Žagar , Carlos S. Armendariz , Andraž Repar , Senja Pollak , Matthew Purver , Marko Robnik-Šikonja

In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of language interference in encoder-only Transformer models across 83 languages. We construct an interference matrix by training and evaluating small BERT-like models on all possible language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Belen Alastruey , João Maria Janeiro , Alexandre Allauzen , Maha Elbayad , Loïc Barrault , Marta R. Costa-jussà

In natural language processing (NLP), the focus has shifted from encoder-only tiny language models like BERT to decoder-only large language models(LLMs) such as GPT-3. However, LLMs' practical application in the financial sector has…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Xuan Xu , Fufang Wen , Beilin Chu , Zhibing Fu , Qinhong Lin , Jiaqi Liu , Binjie Fei , Yu Li , Linna Zhou , Zhongliang Yang

Pre-trained cross-lingual encoders such as mBERT (Devlin et al., 2019) and XLMR (Conneau et al., 2020) have proven to be impressively effective at enabling transfer-learning of NLP systems from high-resource languages to low-resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Junjie Hu , Melvin Johnson , Orhan Firat , Aditya Siddhant , Graham Neubig

State-of-the-art multilingual machine translation relies on a universal encoder-decoder, which requires retraining the entire system to add new languages. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach that is based on language-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-15 Carlos Escolano , Marta R. Costa-jussà , José A. R. Fonollosa , Mikel Artetxe