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A rollup network is a type of popular "Layer 2" scaling solution for general purpose "Layer 1" blockchains like Ethereum. Rollups networks separate execution of transactions from other aspects like consensus, processing transactions off of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Francisco Gomes Figueira , Martin Derka , Ching Lun Chiu , Jan Gorzny

Increasing the transactional throughput of decentralized blockchains in a secure manner has been the holy grail of blockchain research for most of the past decade. This paper introduces a scheme for scaling blockchains while retaining…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-27 John Adler , Mikerah Quintyne-Collins

Since the emergence of Ethereum, blockchain-based decentralized applications (DApps) have become increasingly popular and important. To balance the security, performance, and costs, a DApp typically consists of two layers: an on-chain layer…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-09-08 Wuqi Zhang , Lili Wei , Shuqing Li , Yepang Liu , Shing-Chi Cheung

We propose LazyLedger, a design for distributed ledgers where the blockchain is optimised for solely ordering and guaranteeing the availability of transaction data. Responsibility for executing and validating transactions is shifted to only…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-11 Mustafa Al-Bassam

Most permissionless blockchain networks run on peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, which offer flexibility and decentralization at the expense of performance (e.g., network latency). Historically, this tradeoff has not been a bottleneck for most…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Weizhao Tang , Lucianna Kiffer , Giulia Fanti , Ari Juels

A big challenge posed in blockchain centric platforms is achieving scalability while also preserving user privacy. This report details the design, implementation and evaluation of a Layer-2 scaling solution for Hyperledger Fabric using Zero…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Sania Siddiqui , Neha , Hari Babu K

Blockchains have revolutionized decentralized applications, with composability enabling atomic, trustless interactions across smart contracts. However, layer 2 (L2) scalability solutions like rollups introduce fragmentation and hinder…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Ioannis Kaklamanis , Fan Zhang

Cryptocurrencies are poised to revolutionize the modern economy by democratizing commerce. These currencies operate on top of blockchain-based distributed ledgers. Existing permissionless blockchain-based protocols offer unparalleled…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Anurag Jain , Sanidhay Arora , Sankarshan Damle , Sujit Gujar

Limited scalability and transaction costs are, among others, some of the critical issues that hamper a wider adoption of distributed ledger technologies (DLT). That is particularly true for the Ethereum blockchain, which, so far, has been…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Simone Bottoni , Anwitaman Datta , Federico Franzoni , Emanuele Ragnoli , Roberto Ripamonti , Christian Rondanini , Gokhan Sagirlar , Alberto Trombetta

Blockchain and blockchain-inspired decentralized applications are on the rise thanks to their unique characteristics such as their decentralized nature, anonymity, and tamper-proof nature; however, blockchain transactions tend to experience…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Yi Lyu

Blockchain technology, a foundational distributed ledger system, enables secure and transparent multi-party transactions. Despite its advantages, blockchain networks are susceptible to anomalies and frauds, posing significant risks to their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Joerg Osterrieder , Stephen Chan , Jeffrey Chu , Yuanyuan Zhang , Branka Hadji Misheva , Codruta Mare

In a blockchain Data Availability Attack (DAA), a malicious node publishes a block header but withholds part of the block, which contains invalid transactions. Honest full nodes, which can download and store the full blockchain, are aware…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Massimo Battaglioni , Paolo Santini , Giulia Rafaiani , Franco Chiaraluce , Marco Baldi

Accountability, the ability to provably identify protocol violators, gained prominence as the main economic argument for the security of proof-of-stake (PoS) protocols. Rollups, the most popular scaling solution for blockchains, typically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Ertem Nusret Tas , John Adler , Mustafa Al-Bassam , Ismail Khoffi , David Tse , Nima Vaziri

Bitcoin is a decentralised digital currency that serves as an alternative to existing transaction systems based on an external central authority for security. Although Bitcoin has many desirable properties, one of its fundamental…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-10-07 Georgios Birmpas , Elias Koutsoupias , Philip Lazos , Francisco J. Marmolejo-Cossío

Light clients, also known as Simple Payment Verification (SPV) clients, are nodes which only download a small portion of the data in a blockchain, and use indirect means to verify that a given chain is valid. Typically, instead of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Mustafa Al-Bassam , Alberto Sonnino , Vitalik Buterin

Blockchain-based decentralised lending is a rapidly growing and evolving alternative to traditional lending, but it poses new risks. To mitigate these risks, lending protocols have integrated automated risk management tools into their smart…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2025-10-02 Erum Iftikhar , Wei Wei , John Cartlidge

In this paper we describe LUNES-Blockchain, an agent-based simulator of blockchains that relies on Parallel and Distributed Simulation (PADS) techniques to obtain high scalability. The software is organized as a multi-level simulator that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Luca Serena , Gabriele D'Angelo , Stefano Ferretti

Permisionless decentralized ledgers ("blockchains") such as the one underlying the cryptocurrency Bitcoin allow anonymous participants to maintain the ledger, while avoiding control or "censorship" by any single entity. In contrast,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2016-06-27 Maurice Herlihy , Mark Moir

Blockchain is a form of distributed ledger technology (DLT) where data is shared among users connected over the internet. Transactions are data state changes on the blockchain that are permanently recorded in a secure and transparent way…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Amirmohammad Pasdar , Zhongli Dong , Young Choon Lee

Optimistic Rollups (ORUs) significantly enhance blockchain scalability but inherently suffer from the verifier's dilemma, particularly concerning validator attentiveness. Current systems lack mechanisms to proactively ensure validators are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Suhyeon Lee , Yeongju Bak