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Related papers: PolicyEvolve: Evolving Programmatic Policies by LL…

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Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has shown promising results across several domains. Despite this promise, MARL policies often lack robustness and are therefore sensitive to small changes in their environment. This presents a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Alexander Bukharin , Yan Li , Yue Yu , Qingru Zhang , Zhehui Chen , Simiao Zuo , Chao Zhang , Songan Zhang , Tuo Zhao

Intraday surgical scheduling is a multi-objective decision problem under uncertainty-balancing elective throughput, urgent and emergency demand, delays, sequence-dependent setups, and overtime. We formulate the problem as a cooperative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Kailiang Liu , Ying Chen , Ralf Borndörfer , Thorsten Koch

This paper addresses policy learning in non-stationary environments and games with continuous actions. Rather than the classical reward maximization mechanism, inspired by the ideas of follow-the-regularized-leader (FTRL) and mirror descent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-22 Rong-Jun Qin , Fan-Ming Luo , Hong Qian , Yang Yu

There is a recent trend of applying multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) to train an agent that can cooperate with humans in a zero-shot fashion without using any human data. The typical workflow is to first repeatedly run self-play…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Chao Yu , Jiaxuan Gao , Weilin Liu , Botian Xu , Hao Tang , Jiaqi Yang , Yu Wang , Yi Wu

LLM-based multi-agent systems excel at planning, tool use, and role coordination, but their openness and interaction complexity also expose them to jailbreak, prompt-injection, and adversarial collaboration. Existing defenses fall into two…

In this article we study the problem of training intelligent agents using Reinforcement Learning for the purpose of game development. Unlike systems built to replace human players and to achieve super-human performance, our agents aim to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Alessandro Sestini , Alexander Kuhnle , Andrew D. Bagdanov

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into real-world decision-making, including in the domain of public policy. Yet, their ability to comprehend and reason about policy-related content remains underexplored. To fill this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Han Bao , Penghao Zhang , Yue Huang , Zhengqing Yuan , Yanchi Ru , Rui Su , Yujun Zhou , Xiangqi Wang , Kehan Guo , Nitesh V Chawla , Yanfang Ye , Xiangliang Zhang

Optimizing numerical systems and mechanism design is crucial for enhancing player experience in Massively Multiplayer Online (MMO) games. Traditional optimization approaches rely on large-scale online experiments or parameter tuning over…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Ran Zhang , Kun Ouyang , Tiancheng Ma , Yida Yang , Dong Fang

Multi-objective reinforcement learning (MORL) plays a pivotal role in addressing multi-criteria decision-making problems in the real world. The multi-policy (MP) based methods are widely used to obtain high-quality Pareto front…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Zeyu Zhao , Yueling Che , Kaichen Liu , Jian Li , Junmei Yao

This paper asks whether large language models (LLMs) can be used to study the strategic foundations of conflict and cooperation. I introduce LLMs as experimental subjects in a repeated security dilemma and evaluate whether they reproduce…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Maxim Chupilkin

Building embodied agents on integrating Large Language Models (LLMs) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) have revolutionized human-AI interaction: researchers can now leverage language instructions to plan decision-making for open-ended tasks.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Shaopeng Zhai , Jie Wang , Tianyi Zhang , Fuxian Huang , Qi Zhang , Ming Zhou , Jing Hou , Yu Qiao , Yu Liu

We study the problem of programmatic reinforcement learning, in which policies are represented as short programs in a symbolic language. Programmatic policies can be more interpretable, generalizable, and amenable to formal verification…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-21 Abhinav Verma , Hoang M. Le , Yisong Yue , Swarat Chaudhuri

Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning (MORL) is a generalization of traditional Reinforcement Learning (RL) that aims to optimize multiple, often conflicting objectives simultaneously rather than focusing on a single reward. This approach…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Davide Guidobene , Lorenzo Benedetti , Diego Arapovic

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is commonly deployed in settings where agents are trained via self-play with homogeneous teammates, often using parameter sharing and a single policy architecture. This opens the question: to what…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Ryan LeRoy , Jack Kolb

A key method for creating Artificial Intelligence (AI) agents is Reinforcement Learning (RL). However, constructing a standalone RL policy that maps perception to action directly encounters severe problems, chief among them being its lack…

Mathematical models of interactions among rational agents have long been studied in game theory. However these interactions are often over a small set of discrete game actions which is very different from how humans communicate in natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Ian Gemp , Roma Patel , Yoram Bachrach , Marc Lanctot , Vibhavari Dasagi , Luke Marris , Georgios Piliouras , Siqi Liu , Karl Tuyls

Online Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is a prominent framework for efficient agent coordination. Crucially, enhancing policy expressiveness is pivotal for achieving superior performance. Diffusion-based generative models are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Zhuoran Li , Hai Zhong , Xun Wang , Qingxin Xia , Lihua Zhang , Longbo Huang

We present a data-efficient framework for solving sequential decision-making problems which exploits the combination of reinforcement learning (RL) and latent variable generative models. The framework, called GenRL, trains deep policies by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-20 Ali Ghadirzadeh , Petra Poklukar , Karol Arndt , Chelsea Finn , Ville Kyrki , Danica Kragic , Mårten Björkman

A popular paradigm in robotic learning is to train a policy from scratch for every new robot. This is not only inefficient but also often impractical for complex robots. In this work, we consider the problem of transferring a policy across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Xingyu Liu , Deepak Pathak , Kris M. Kitani

Game design hinges on understanding how static rules and content translate into dynamic player behavior - something modern generative systems that inspect only a game's code or assets struggle to capture. We present an automated design…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Alex Zook , Josef Spjut , Jonathan Tremblay