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Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) present a considerable challenge to cybersecurity due to their stealthy, long-duration nature. Traditional supervised learning methods typically require large amounts of labeled data, which is often scarce…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Sidahmed Benabderrahmane , Talal Rahwan

Modern software systems generate extensive heterogeneous log data with dynamic formats, fragmented event sequences, and varying temporal patterns, making anomaly detection both crucial and challenging. To address these complexities, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Przemek Pospieszny , Wojciech Mormul , Karolina Szyndler , Sanjeev Kumar

In recent years, enterprises have been targeted by advanced adversaries who leverage creative ways to infiltrate their systems and move laterally to gain access to critical data. One increasingly common evasive method is to hide the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Talha Ongun , Jack W. Stokes , Jonathan Bar Or , Ke Tian , Farid Tajaddodianfar , Joshua Neil , Christian Seifert , Alina Oprea , John C. Platt

Training deep neural networks is challenging when large and annotated datasets are unavailable. Extensive manual annotation of data samples is time-consuming, expensive, and error-prone, notably when it needs to be done by experts. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-08 Barbara C Benato , Alexandru C Telea , Alexandre X Falcão

The performance of deep neural networks improves with more annotated data. The problem is that the budget for annotation is limited. One solution to this is active learning, where a model asks human to annotate data that it perceived as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-05-10 Donggeun Yoo , In So Kweon

Active Learning (AL) addresses the high costs of collecting human annotations by strategically annotating the most informative samples. However, for subjective NLP tasks, incorporating a wide range of perspectives in the annotation process…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Michiel van der Meer , Neele Falk , Pradeep K. Murukannaiah , Enrico Liscio

Log data are essential for intrusion detection and forensic investigations. However, manual log analysis is tedious due to high data volumes, heterogeneous event formats, and unstructured messages. Even though many automated methods for log…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Max Landauer , Wolfgang Hotwagner , Thorina Boenke , Florian Skopik , Markus Wurzenberger

Active learning (AL) accelerates scientific discovery by prioritizing the most informative experiments, but traditional machine learning (ML) models used in AL suffer from cold-start limitations and domain-specific feature engineering,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Hongchen Wang , Rafael Espinosa Castañeda , Jay R. Werber , Yao Fehlis , Edward Kim , Jason Hattrick-Simpers

Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human values is a vital task for LLM practitioners. Current alignment techniques have several limitations: (1) requiring a large amount of annotated data; (2) demanding heavy human involvement; (3)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Hongyi Guo , Yuanshun Yao , Wei Shen , Jiaheng Wei , Xiaoying Zhang , Zhaoran Wang , Yang Liu

Event log analysis is an important task that security professionals undertake. Event logs record key information on activities that occur on computing devices, and due to the substantial number of events generated, they consume a large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Siraaj Akhtar , Saad Khan , Simon Parkinson

Production systems generate millions of log lines daily, yet most anomaly detectors operate at the session or window-level, flagging groups of lines rather than identifying the specific message responsible. This coarse granularity forces…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Huanchi Wang , Zihang Huang , Yifang Tian , Kristina Dzeparoska , Hans-Arno Jacobsen , Alberto Leon-Garcia

Instruction-tuned LLMs can annotate thousands of instances from a short prompt at negligible cost. This raises two questions for active learning (AL): can LLM labels replace human labels within the AL loop, and does AL remain necessary when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Ahmad Dawar Hakimi , Lea Hirlimann , Isabelle Augenstein , Hinrich Schütze

Existing anomaly detection (AD) methods for tabular data usually rely on some assumptions about anomaly patterns, leading to inconsistent performance in real-world scenarios. While Large Language Models (LLMs) show remarkable reasoning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Hangting Ye , Jinmeng Li , He Zhao , Mingchen Zhuge , Dandan Guo , Yi Chang , Hongyuan Zha

Nowadays, the volume of network traffic continues to grow, along with the frequency and sophistication of attacks. This scenario highlights the need for solutions capable of continuously adapting, since network behavior is dynamic and…

Detecting anomalies in business processes is crucial for ensuring operational success. While many existing methods rely on statistical frequency to detect anomalies, it's important to note that infrequent behavior doesn't necessarily imply…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Wei Guan , Jian Cao , Jianqi Gao , Haiyan Zhao , Shiyou Qian

Effective log anomaly detection is critical to sustaining reliability in large-scale IT infrastructures. Transformer-based models require substantial resources and labeled data, exacerbating the cold-start problem in target domains where…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Jingwei Ye , Zhi Wang , Chenbin Su , Jieshuai Yang , Jiayi Ding , Chunbo Liu , Ge Chu

Due to the veracity and heterogeneity in network traffic, detecting anomalous events is challenging. The computational load on global servers is a significant challenge in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and scalability. Our primary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-15 William Marfo , Deepak K. Tosh , Shirley V. Moore

This paper introduces a scalable Anomaly Detection Service with a generalizable API tailored for industrial time-series data, designed to assist Site Reliability Engineers (SREs) in managing cloud infrastructure. The service enables…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Nimesh Jha , Shuxin Lin , Srideepika Jayaraman , Kyle Frohling , Christodoulos Constantinides , Dhaval Patel

Estimating model accuracy on unseen, unlabeled datasets is crucial for real-world machine learning applications, especially under distribution shifts that can degrade performance. Existing methods often rely on predicted class probabilities…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Chenzhi Liu , Mahsa Baktashmotlagh , Yanran Tang , Zi Huang , Ruihong Qiu

Logs constitute a form of evidence signaling the operational status of software systems. Automated log anomaly detection is crucial for ensuring the reliability of modern software systems. However, existing approaches face significant…