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Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs) have recently gained attention as an enhancement to conventional RISs. BD-RISs allow optimizing not only the phase, but also the amplitude responses of their discrete surface…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-27 Atso Iivanainen , Robin Rajamäki , Visa Koivunen

In this paper, a channel estimation technique for reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided multi-user multiple-input single-output communication systems is proposed. By deploying a small number of active elements at the RIS, the RIS…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Gyoseung Lee , Hyeongtaek Lee , Jaeky Oh , Jaehoon Chung , Junil Choi

Active reconfigurable intelligent surface (ARIS) is a newly emerging RIS technique that leverages radio frequency (RF) reflection amplifiers to empower phase-configurable reflection elements (REs) in amplifying the incident signal. Thereby,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-07 Hao Chen , Nanxi Li , Ruizhe Long , Ying-Chang Liang

Non-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) offer enhanced wireless signal manipulation over conventional RIS by enabling the incident signal on any of its $M$ elements to be reflected from another element via an $M \times M$…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-19 Mostafa Samy , Hayder Al-Hraishawi , Abuzar B. M. Adam , Madyan Alsenwi , Symeon Chatzinotas , Björn Otteresten

The idea of using a Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) consisting of a large array of passive scattering elements to assist wireless communication systems has recently attracted much attention from academia and industry. A central…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-05-14 Zipeng Wang , Li Tan , Haifan Yin , Kai Wang , Xilong Pei , David Gesbert

This letter focuses on a transmitter or base station (BS) side beyond-diagonal reflecting intelligent surface (BD-RIS) deployment strategy to enhance the spectral efficiency (SE) of a time-division-duplex massive multiple-input…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Anup Mishra , Yijie Mao , Carmen D'Andrea , Stefano Buzzi , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) is a family of RIS architectures more flexible than conventional RIS. While BD-RIS has been primarily analyzed assuming uni-polarized systems, modern wireless deployments are…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx

The sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks will rely on ultra-dense multi-cell deployment to meet the high rate and connectivity demands. However, frequency reuse leads to severe inter-cell interference, particularly for cell-edge users,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Shuo Zheng , Shuowen Zhang

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has received widespread attention owing to the superiority of changing the wireless propagation environment intelligently. Channel feedback is essential in frequency division duplex (FDD)…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Decai Shen , Linglong Dai

Recent research has focused on reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted cell-free systems with the goal of enhancing coverage and lowering the cost of cell-free networks. However, current research makes the assumption that the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-29 Songjie Yang , Chenfei Xie , Mingwei Wang , Zhongpei Zhang

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) allow controlling the propagation environment in wireless networks by tuning multiple reflecting elements. RISs have been traditionally realized through single connected architectures,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) is regarded as a key enabler of wave/analog-domain beamforming, processing, and computing in future wireless communication systems. Recently, Beyond Diagonal RIS (BD-RIS) has been proposed as a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Zheyu Wu , Bruno Clerckx

This paper introduces a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) to support parameter estimation in machine-type communications (MTC). We focus on a network where single-antenna sensors transmit spatially correlated measurements to a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-28 Sergi Liesegang , Antonio Pascual-Iserte , Olga Muñoz

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs), originally in the passive form, have attracted attention due to their benefits in enhanced wave manipulating through flexible inter-element connections and element arrangements.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-16 Fu Liu , Hongyu Li , Shanpu Shen

Written by its inventors, this first tutorial on Beyond-Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (BD-RISs) provides the readers with the basics and fundamental tools necessary to appreciate, understand, and contribute to this emerging…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-23 Hongyu Li , Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

This paper introduces a novel approach to efficient localization in next-generation communication systems through a base station (BS)-enabled passive beamforming utilizing beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs).…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-21 Mahmoud Raeisi , Hui Chen , Henk Wymeersch , Ertugrul Basar

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has been envisioned as a key technology in future wireless communication networks to enable smart radio environment. To further enhance the passive beamforming capability of RIS, beyond diagonal…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-22 Ziang Liu , Hongyu Li , Bruno Clerckx

Channel estimation is a central bottleneck in BD-RIS-assisted MIMO systems. The richer inter-element coupling that enables large performance gains also makes training and hardware control substantially harder than in diagonal RIS…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-30 Gilderlan Tavares de Araújo , Bruno Sokal , André L. F. de Almeida

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has emerged as an innovative and generalized RIS framework that provides greater flexibility in wave manipulation and enhanced coverage. In comparison to conventional RIS,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-24 Shreya Khisa , Ali Amhaz , Mohamed Elhattab , Chadi Assi , Sanaa Sharafeddine

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-empowered communication, has been considered widely as one of the revolutionary technologies for next generation networks. However, due to the novel propagation characteristics of RISs, underlying…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Jian Sang , Mingyong Zhou , Jifeng Lan , Boning Gao , Wankai Tang , Xiao Li , Shi Jin , Ertugrul Basar , Cen Li , Qiang Cheng , Tie Jun Cui