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Related papers: The Token Tax: Systematic Bias in Multilingual Tok…

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The first step in any NLP pipeline is to split the text into individual tokens. The most obvious and straightforward approach is to use words as tokens. However, given a large text corpus, representing all the words is not efficient in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-30 Zaid Alyafeai , Maged S. Al-shaibani , Mustafa Ghaleb , Irfan Ahmad

This paper introduces a novel approach for identifying the possible large language models (LLMs) involved in text generation. Instead of adding an additional classification layer to a base LM, we reframe the classification task as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Yutian Chen , Hao Kang , Vivian Zhai , Liangze Li , Rita Singh , Bhiksha Raj

A multilingual tokenizer is a fundamental component of multilingual neural machine translation. It is trained from a multilingual corpus. Since a skewed data distribution is considered to be harmful, a sampling strategy is usually used to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Shiyue Zhang , Vishrav Chaudhary , Naman Goyal , James Cross , Guillaume Wenzek , Mohit Bansal , Francisco Guzman

Tokenisation is the first step in almost all NLP tasks, and state-of-the-art transformer-based language models all use subword tokenisation algorithms to process input text. Existing algorithms have problems, often producing tokenisations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Edward Gow-Smith , Harish Tayyar Madabushi , Carolina Scarton , Aline Villavicencio

Multilingual large language models (LLMs) are great translators, but this is largely limited to high-resource languages. For many LLMs, translating in and out of low-resource languages remains a challenging task. To maximize data efficiency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Zheng Wei Lim , Nitish Gupta , Honglin Yu , Trevor Cohn

We propose task-adaptive tokenization as a way to adapt the generation pipeline to the specifics of a downstream task and enhance long-form generation in mental health. Inspired by insights from cognitive science, our task-adaptive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Siyang Liu , Naihao Deng , Sahand Sabour , Yilin Jia , Minlie Huang , Rada Mihalcea

Since the inception of Large Language Models (LLMs), the quest to efficiently train them for superior reasoning capabilities has been a pivotal challenge. The dominant training paradigm for LLMs is based on next token prediction (NTP).…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Pengxiao Lin , Zhongwang Zhang , Zhi-Qin John Xu

The choice of tokenizer can profoundly impact language model performance, yet accessible and reliable evaluations of tokenizer quality remain an open challenge. Inspired by scaling consistency, we show that smaller models can accurately…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Jonas F. Lotz , António V. Lopes , Stephan Peitz , Hendra Setiawan , Leonardo Emili

Training Large Language Models (LLMs) for chain-of-thought reasoning presents a significant challenge: supervised fine-tuning on a single "golden" rationale hurts generalization as it penalizes equally valid alternatives, whereas…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Mingye Zhu , Yi Liu , Zheren Fu , Quan Wang , Yongdong Zhang

Chain-of-thought reasoning is often treated as a monotone way to improve language-model accuracy by letting a model think longer. We identify a countervailing effect, the coupling tax: when reasoning traces and final answers share one…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Wenhua Nie , Junlin Liu , Jianan Wu , Zijie Meng , Yilong Fan , Zhang Zijian , Haoran Zheng , Jyh-Shing Roger Jang

While transformer-based models achieve strong performance on text classification, we explore whether masking input tokens can further enhance their effectiveness. We propose token masking regularization, a simple yet theoretically motivated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Xianglong Xu , John Bowen , Rojin Taheri

While large language models (LLMs) bring not only performance but also complexity, recent work has started to turn LLMs into data generators rather than task inferencers, where another affordable task model is trained for efficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Jiacheng Ye , Chengzu Li , Lingpeng Kong , Tao Yu

Gender-inclusive NLP research has documented the harmful limitations of gender binary-centric large language models (LLM), such as the inability to correctly use gender-diverse English neopronouns (e.g., xe, zir, fae). While data scarcity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Anaelia Ovalle , Ninareh Mehrabi , Palash Goyal , Jwala Dhamala , Kai-Wei Chang , Richard Zemel , Aram Galstyan , Yuval Pinter , Rahul Gupta

In the development of Large Language Models (LLMs), considerable attention has been given to the quality of training datasets. However, the role of tokenizers in the LLM training pipeline, particularly for multilingual models, has received…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Iaroslav Chelombitko , Egor Safronov , Aleksey Komissarov

Tokenization or segmentation is a wide concept that covers simple processes such as separating punctuation from words, or more sophisticated processes such as applying morphological knowledge. Neural Machine Translation (NMT) requires a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Miguel Domingo , Mercedes Garcıa-Martınez , Alexandre Helle , Francisco Casacuberta , Manuel Herranz

Language models typically tokenize text into subwords, using a deterministic, hand-engineered heuristic of combining characters into longer surface-level strings such as 'ing' or whole words. Recent literature has repeatedly shown the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Avijit Thawani , Saurabh Ghanekar , Xiaoyuan Zhu , Jay Pujara

Large language models (LLMs) process and predict sequences containing text to answer questions, and address tasks including document summarization, providing recommendations, writing software and solving quantitative problems. We provide a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-02 Ricardo Baptista , Andrew Stuart , Son Tran

As NLP tools become ubiquitous in today's technological landscape, they are increasingly applied to languages with a variety of typological structures. However, NLP research does not focus primarily on typological differences in its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-04 Sophie Groenwold , Samhita Honnavalli , Lily Ou , Aesha Parekh , Sharon Levy , Diba Mirza , William Yang Wang

The disconnect between tokenizer creation and model training in language models allows for specific inputs, such as the infamous SolidGoldMagikarp token, to induce unwanted model behaviour. Although such `glitch tokens', tokens present in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Sander Land , Max Bartolo

In recent years, large language models have demonstrated remarkable performance across diverse tasks. However, their task effectiveness is heavily dependent on the prompting strategy used to elicit output, which can vary widely in both…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Chris Sypherd , Sergei Petrov , Sonny George , Vaishak Belle