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Automatic evaluation of generative tasks using large language models faces challenges due to ambiguous criteria. Although automatic checklist generation is a potentially promising approach, its usefulness remains underexplored. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Momoka Furuhashi , Kouta Nakayama , Takashi Kodama , Saku Sugawara

With the advent of highly capable instruction-tuned neural language models, benchmarking in natural language processing (NLP) is increasingly shifting towards pairwise comparison leaderboards, such as LMSYS Arena, from traditional global…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Georgii Levtsov , Dmitry Ustalov

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated promising capabilities as automatic evaluators in assessing the quality of generated natural language. However, LLMs still exhibit biases in evaluation and often struggle to generate coherent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Yinhong Liu , Han Zhou , Zhijiang Guo , Ehsan Shareghi , Ivan Vulić , Anna Korhonen , Nigel Collier

Evaluation of natural language generation (NLG) is complex and multi-dimensional. Generated text can be evaluated for fluency, coherence, factuality, or any other dimensions of interest. Most frameworks that perform such multi-dimensional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Sameer Jain , Vaishakh Keshava , Swarnashree Mysore Sathyendra , Patrick Fernandes , Pengfei Liu , Graham Neubig , Chunting Zhou

Automatic evaluation is an integral aspect of dialogue system research. The traditional reference-based NLG metrics are generally found to be unsuitable for dialogue assessment. Consequently, recent studies have suggested various unique,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Chen Zhang , Luis Fernando D'Haro , Yiming Chen , Malu Zhang , Haizhou Li

By harnessing pre-trained language models, summarization models had rapid progress recently. However, the models are mainly assessed by automatic evaluation metrics such as ROUGE. Although ROUGE is known for having a positive correlation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Wonjin Yoon , Yoon Sun Yeo , Minbyul Jeong , Bong-Jun Yi , Jaewoo Kang

Evaluating the quality of generated text automatically remains a significant challenge. Conventional reference-based metrics have been shown to exhibit relatively weak correlation with human evaluations. Recent research advocates the use of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Xiao Wang , Daniil Larionov , Siwei Wu , Yiqi Liu , Steffen Eger , Nafise Sadat Moosavi , Chenghua Lin

Automatic evaluation comparing candidate translations to human-generated paraphrases of reference translations has recently been proposed by Freitag et al. When used in place of original references, the paraphrased versions produce metric…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-21 Markus Freitag , George Foster , David Grangier , Colin Cherry

Evaluating text summarization is a challenging problem, and existing evaluation metrics are far from satisfactory. In this study, we explored ChatGPT's ability to perform human-like summarization evaluation using four human evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-06 Mingqi Gao , Jie Ruan , Renliang Sun , Xunjian Yin , Shiping Yang , Xiaojun Wan

Synthetic verification techniques such as generating test cases and reward modelling are common ways to enhance the coding capabilities of large language models (LLM) beyond predefined tests. Additionally, code verification has recently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Aleksander Ficek , Somshubra Majumdar , Vahid Noroozi , Boris Ginsburg

Recent studies have demonstrated the great potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) serving as zero-shot relevance rankers. The typical approach involves making comparisons between pairs or lists of documents. Although effective, these…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Weiwei Sun , Zheng Chen , Xinyu Ma , Lingyong Yan , Shuaiqiang Wang , Pengjie Ren , Zhumin Chen , Dawei Yin , Zhaochun Ren

As research on machine translation moves to translating text beyond the sentence level, it remains unclear how effective automatic evaluation metrics are at scoring longer translations. In this work, we first propose a method for creating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Daniel Deutsch , Juraj Juraska , Mara Finkelstein , Markus Freitag

Automating the assessment of learner summaries provides a useful tool for assessing learner reading comprehension. We present a summarization task for evaluating non-native reading comprehension and propose three novel approaches to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-19 Menglin Xia , Ekaterina Kochmar , Ted Briscoe

We explore the use of long-context capabilities in large language models to create synthetic reading comprehension data from entire books. Previous efforts to construct such datasets relied on crowd-sourcing, but the emergence of…

The advancements in deep learning, particularly the introduction of transformers, have been pivotal in enhancing various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. These include text-to-text applications such as machine translation, text…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Gospel Ozioma Nnadi , Flavio Bertini

Worked examples are step-by-step solutions to problems in a specific domain, offered to students to acquire domain-specific problem-solving skills. The effectiveness of worked examples could be enhanced by combining them with…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Arun-Balajiee Lekshmi-Narayanan , Mohammad Hassany , Peter Brusilovsky

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as evaluators for natural language generation tasks, ensuring unbiased assessments is essential. However, LLM evaluators often display biased preferences, such as favoring verbosity and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Hawon Jeong , ChaeHun Park , Jimin Hong , Hojoon Lee , Jaegul Choo

Automatic methods and metrics that assess various quality criteria of automatically generated texts are important for developing NLG systems because they produce repeatable results and allow for a fast development cycle. We present here an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-25 Erion Çano , Ondřej Bojar

Inspired by how humans summarize long documents, we propose an accurate and fast summarization model that first selects salient sentences and then rewrites them abstractively (i.e., compresses and paraphrases) to generate a concise overall…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-29 Yen-Chun Chen , Mohit Bansal

Cross-lingual text summarization aims at generating a document summary in one language given input in another language. It is a practically important but under-explored task, primarily due to the dearth of available data. Existing methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Zi-Yi Dou , Sachin Kumar , Yulia Tsvetkov