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Speculative decoding (SD) accelerates large language model (LLM) inference by using a smaller draft model to propose multiple tokens that are verified by a larger target model in parallel. While prior work demonstrates substantial speedups…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Linghao Kong , Megan Flynn , Michael Peng , Nir Shavit , Mark Kurtz , Alexandre Marques

Large language models (LLMs) have facilitated a wide range of applications with distinct service-level objectives (SLOs), from latency-sensitive online tasks like interactive chatbots to throughput-oriented offline workloads like data…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Ting Sun , Penghan Wang , Fan Lai

The rapid expansion of Large Language Models (LLMs) has introduced unprecedented energy demands, extending beyond training to large-scale inference workloads that often dominate total lifecycle consumption. Deploying these models requires…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Francisco Caravaca , Ángel Cuevas , Rubén Cuevas

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities, but their broad deployment is limited by significant computational resource demands, particularly energy consumption during inference. Static, one-model-fits-all inference…

Performance · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Thomas Ziller , Shashikant Ilager , Alessandro Tundo , Ezio Bartocci , Leonardo Mariani , Ivona Brandic

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) provide robots with contextual reasoning abilities to comprehend human instructions. Yet, current LLM-enabled robots typically depend on cloud-based models or high-performance computing…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Wenhao Wang , Yanyan Li , Long Jiao , Jiawei Yuan

With the proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs), accurate charging demand and station occupancy forecasting are critical for optimizing urban energy and the profit of EVs aggregator. Existing approaches in this field usually struggle to…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Hang Fan , Yunze Chai , Chenxi Liu , Weican Liu , Zuhan Zhang , Wencai Run , Dunnan Liu

In the context of Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) clouds, the extensive use of Large Language Models (LLMs) often requires efficient management of significant query loads. When providing real-time inference services, several…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Yiyuan He , Minxian Xu , Jingfeng Wu , Wanyi Zheng , Kejiang Ye , Chengzhong Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit potential artificial generic intelligence recently, however, their usage is costly with high response latency. Given mixed LLMs with their own strengths and weaknesses, LLM routing aims to identify the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Xinyuan Wang , Yanchi Liu , Wei Cheng , Xujiang Zhao , Zhengzhang Chen , Wenchao Yu , Yanjie Fu , Haifeng Chen

Vision-language models (VLMs) pretrained on large-scale multimodal datasets encode rich visual and linguistic knowledge, making them a strong foundation for robotics. Rather than training robotic policies from scratch, recent approaches…

With the growing use of Large Language Model (LLM)-based tools like ChatGPT, Perplexity, and Gemini across industries, there is a rising need for efficient LLM inference systems. These systems handle requests with a unique two-phase…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Agrim Bari , Parikshit Hegde , Gustavo de Veciana

The rapid progress in machine learning (ML) has brought forth many large language models (LLMs) that excel in various tasks and areas. These LLMs come with different abilities and costs in terms of computation or pricing. Since the demand…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Quang H. Nguyen , Thinh Dao , Duy C. Hoang , Juliette Decugis , Saurav Manchanda , Nitesh V. Chawla , Khoa D. Doan

A practical large language model (LLM) service may involve a long system prompt, which specifies the instructions, examples, and knowledge documents of the task and is reused across requests. However, the long system prompt causes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Lei Zhu , Xinjiang Wang , Wayne Zhang , Rynson W. H. Lau

Large language model (LLM) applications are blindfolded to the infrastructure underneath and generate tokens autoregressively, indifferent to the system load, thus risking inferencing latency inflation and poor user experience. Our…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Tella Rajashekhar Reddy , Atharva Deshmukh , Karan Tandon , Rohan Gandhi , Anjaly Parayil , Debopam Bhattacherjee

Energy consumption dictates the cost and environmental impact of deploying Large Language Models. This paper investigates the impact of on-chip SRAM size and operating frequency on the energy efficiency and performance of LLM inference,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Hannah Atmer , Yuan Yao , Thiemo Voigt , Stefanos Kaxiras

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into everyday applications, but their prevalent cloud-based deployment raises growing concerns around data privacy and long-term sustainability. Running LLMs locally on mobile and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Haoxin Wang , Xiaolong Tu , Hongyu Ke , Huirong Chai , Dawei Chen , Kyungtae Han

Real-time LLM interactions demand streamed token generations, where text tokens are progressively generated and delivered to users while balancing two objectives: responsiveness (i.e., low time-to-first-token) and steady generation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Junyi Chen , Chuheng Du , Renyuan Liu , Shuochao Yao , Dingtian Yan , Jiang Liao , Shengzhong Liu , Fan Wu , Guihai Chen

Large Language Model (LLM)-based systems, i.e. interconnected elements that include an LLM as a central component, such as conversational agents, are usually designed with monolithic, static architectures that rely on a single,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Clovis Varangot-Reille , Christophe Bouvard , Antoine Gourru , Mathieu Ciancone , Marion Schaeffer , François Jacquenet

The deployment of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for reliable and energy-efficient data collection from spatially distributed devices holds great promise in supporting diverse Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Nevertheless, the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-23 Zhixion Chen , Jiangzhou Wang , Hyundong Shin , Arumugam Nallanathan

While traditional optimization and scheduling schemes are designed to meet fixed, predefined system requirements, future systems are moving toward user-driven approaches and personalized services, aiming to achieve high…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Thomas Mongaillard , Samson Lasaulce , Othman Hicheur , Chao Zhang , Lina Bariah , Vineeth S. Varma , Hang Zou , Qiyang Zhao , Merouane Debbah

Large language model (LLM) services now answer billions of queries per day, and industry reports show that inference, not training, accounts for more than 90% of total power consumption. However, existing benchmarks focus on either…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Chenxu Niu , Wei Zhang , Jie Li , Yongjian Zhao , Tongyang Wang , Xi Wang , Yong Chen