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The phenomenon of model collapse, introduced in (Shumailov et al., 2023), refers to the deterioration in performance that occurs when new models are trained on synthetic data generated from previously trained models. This recursive training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Mohamed El Amine Seddik , Suei-Wen Chen , Soufiane Hayou , Pierre Youssef , Merouane Debbah

Synthetically-generated data plays an increasingly larger role in training large language models. However, while synthetic data has been found to be useful, studies have also shown that without proper curation it can cause LLM performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Kareem Amin , Sara Babakniya , Alex Bie , Weiwei Kong , Umar Syed , Sergei Vassilvitskii

Recent research has highlighted the risk of generative model collapse, where performance progressively degrades when continually trained on self-generated data. However, existing exploration on model collapse is limited to single, unimodal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Zizhao Hu , Mohammad Rostami , Jesse Thomason

While artificial intelligence has the potential to process vast amounts of data, generate new insights, and unlock greater productivity, its widespread adoption may entail unforeseen consequences. We identify conditions under which AI, by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Andrew J. Peterson

High-quality data is essential for training large generative models, yet the vast reservoir of real data available online has become nearly depleted. Consequently, models increasingly generate their own data for further training, forming…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Shi Fu , Yingjie Wang , Yuzhu Chen , Xinmei Tian , Dacheng Tao

What happens when generative machine learning models are pretrained on web-scale datasets containing data generated by earlier models? Some prior work warns of "model collapse" as the web is overwhelmed by synthetic data; other work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Joshua Kazdan , Rylan Schaeffer , Apratim Dey , Matthias Gerstgrasser , Rafael Rafailov , David L. Donoho , Sanmi Koyejo

In various fields of knowledge creation, including science, new ideas often build on pre-existing information. In this work, we explore this concept within the context of language models. Specifically, we explore the potential of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 David Herel , Tomas Mikolov

Synthetic data has been increasingly used to train frontier generative models. However, recent studies raise key concerns that iteratively retraining a generative model on its self-generated synthetic data may keep deteriorating model…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-09 Bingji Yi , Qiyuan Liu , Yuwei Cheng , Haifeng Xu

The problem of model collapse has presented new challenges in iterative training of generative models, where such training with synthetic data leads to an overall degradation of performance. This paper looks at the problem from a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-19 Soham Bakshi , Sunrit Chakraborty

The increasing reliance on generative AI models is rapidly increasing the volume of synthetic data, with some projections suggesting that most available new data for training could be machine-generated by 2030. This shift to a mainly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Soheil Zibakhsh Shabgahi , Pedram Aghazadeh , Azalia Mirhoseini , Farinaz Koushanfar

Auto-regressive language models (LMs) have been widely used to generate data in data-scarce domains to train new LMs, compensating for the scarcity of real-world data. Previous work experimentally found that LMs collapse when trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Lecheng Wang , Xianjie Shi , Ge Li , Jia Li , Xuanming Zhang , Yihong Dong , Wenpin Jiao , Hong Mei

The widespread use of diffusion models has led to an abundance of AI-generated data, raising concerns about model collapse -- a phenomenon in which recursive iterations of training on synthetic data lead to performance degradation. Prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Lianghe Shi , Meng Wu , Huijie Zhang , Zekai Zhang , Molei Tao , Qing Qu

Given the ease of creating synthetic data from machine learning models, new models can be potentially trained on synthetic data generated by previous models. This recursive training process raises concerns about the long-term impact on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Ananda Theertha Suresh , Andrew Thangaraj , Aditya Nanda Kishore Khandavally

Large language models (LLMs) have attracted significant attention due to their impressive general capabilities across diverse downstream tasks. However, without domain-specific optimization, they often underperform on specialized knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Kangtao Lv , Haibin Chen , Yujin Yuan , Langming Liu , Shilei Liu , Yongwei Wang , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng

The proliferation of generative artificial intelligence has given rise to an interactive learning environment, where model parameters are continuously updated using not only data generated by natural processes, but also synthetic outputs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yuchen Wu , Kangjie Zhou , Weijie Su

Large language models are increasingly integrated into decision-making in areas such as healthcare, law, finance, engineering, and government. Yet they share a critical limitation: they produce fluent outputs even when their internal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Rikard Rosenbacke , Carl Rosenbacke , Victor Rosenbacke , Martin McKee

As synthetic content increasingly infiltrates the web, generative AI models may be retrained on their own outputs: a process termed "autophagy". This leads to model collapse: a progressive loss of performance and diversity across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Daniele Gambetta , Gizem Gezici , Fosca Giannotti , Dino Pedreschi , Alistair Knott , Luca Pappalardo

In recent years, model collapse has become a critical issue in language model training, making it essential to understand the underlying mechanisms driving this phenomenon. In this paper, we investigate recursive parametric model training…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-23 Shirong Xu , Hengzhi He , Guang Cheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) that undergo recursive training on synthetically generated data are susceptible to model collapse, a phenomenon marked by the generation of meaningless output. Existing research has examined this issue from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Konstantinos F. Xylogiannopoulos , Petros Xanthopoulos , Panagiotis Karampelas , Georgios A. Bakamitsos

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) reveal a perplexing phenomenon in continual learning: despite extensive training, models experience significant performance declines, raising questions about task alignment and underlying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Junhao Zheng , Xidi Cai , Shengjie Qiu , Qianli Ma
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