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Transformer-based language models utilize the attention mechanism for substantial performance improvements in almost all natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Similar attention structures are also extensively studied in several other…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Nurullah Sevim , Ege Ozan Özyedek , Furkan Şahinuç , Aykut Koç

Training Transformers on algorithmic tasks frequently demonstrates an intriguing abrupt learning phenomenon: an extended performance plateau followed by a sudden, sharp improvement. This work investigates the underlying mechanisms for such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Pulkit Gopalani , Wei Hu

Transformer-based architectures have become the de-facto standard models for a wide range of Natural Language Processing tasks. However, their memory footprint and high latency are prohibitive for efficient deployment and inference on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Yelysei Bondarenko , Markus Nagel , Tijmen Blankevoort

Models based on the Transformer neural network architecture have seen success on a wide variety of tasks that appear to require complex "cognitive branching" -- or the ability to maintain pursuit of one goal while accomplishing others. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Aaron Traylor , Jack Merullo , Michael J. Frank , Ellie Pavlick

Understanding the inner workings of large language models (LLMs) is crucial for advancing their theoretical foundations and real-world applications. While the attention mechanism and multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs) have been studied…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Clement Neo , Shay B. Cohen , Fazl Barez

Recent work has shown that deeper character-based neural machine translation (NMT) models can outperform subword-based models. However, it is still unclear what makes deeper character-based models successful. In this paper, we conduct an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-09 Gongbo Tang , Rico Sennrich , Joakim Nivre

Attention-based models, such as Transformer, excel across various tasks but lack a comprehensive theoretical understanding, especially regarding token-wise sparsity and internal linear representations. To address this gap, we introduce the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-27 Pierre Marion , Raphaël Berthier , Gérard Biau , Claire Boyer

This paper investigates fake news detection as a downstream evaluation of Transformer representations, benchmarking encoder-only and decoder-only pre-trained models (BERT, GPT-2, Transformer-XL) as frozen embedders paired with lightweight…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Sumit Mamtani , Abhijeet Bhure

Transformers were initially introduced for natural language processing (NLP) tasks, but fast they were adopted by most deep learning fields, including computer vision. They measure the relationships between pairs of input tokens (words in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Robin Courant , Maika Edberg , Nicolas Dufour , Vicky Kalogeiton

We study how a one-layer attention-only transformer develops relevant structures while learning to sort lists of numbers. At the end of training, the model organizes its attention heads in two main modes that we refer to as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Einar Urdshals , Jasmina Urdshals

Attention modules, as simple and effective tools, have not only enabled deep neural networks to achieve state-of-the-art results in many domains, but also enhanced their interpretability. Most current models use deterministic attention…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-22 Xinjie Fan , Shujian Zhang , Bo Chen , Mingyuan Zhou

The attention operator is arguably the key distinguishing factor of transformer architectures, which have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance on a variety of tasks. However, transformer attention operators often impose a significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Ziyang Wu , Tianjiao Ding , Yifu Lu , Druv Pai , Jingyuan Zhang , Weida Wang , Yaodong Yu , Yi Ma , Benjamin D. Haeffele

Although Transformers have successfully transitioned from their language modelling origins to image-based applications, their quadratic computational complexity remains a challenge, particularly for dense prediction. In this paper we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Yutong Xie , Jianpeng Zhang , Yong Xia , Anton van den Hengel , Qi Wu

Multi-head self-attention is a key component of the Transformer, a state-of-the-art architecture for neural machine translation. In this work we evaluate the contribution made by individual attention heads in the encoder to the overall…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-10 Elena Voita , David Talbot , Fedor Moiseev , Rico Sennrich , Ivan Titov

We propose Attentive Regularization (AR), a method to constrain the activation maps of kernels in Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to specific regions of interest (ROIs). Each kernel learns a location of specialization along with its…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-09-25 Kashyap Chitta

In this study, we investigate whether the representations learned by neural networks possess a privileged and convergent basis. Specifically, we examine the significance of feature directions represented by individual neurons. First, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Davis Brown , Nikhil Vyas , Yamini Bansal

We present Token-UNet, adopting the TokenLearner and TokenFuser modules to encase Transformers into UNets. While Transformers have enabled global interactions among input elements in medical imaging, current computational challenges hinder…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Louis Fabrice Tshimanga , Andrea Zanola , Federico Del Pup , Manfredo Atzori

Sequence-processing neural networks led to remarkable progress on many NLP tasks. As a consequence, there has been increasing interest in understanding to what extent they process language as humans do. We aim here to uncover which biases…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-17 Rahma Chaabouni , Eugene Kharitonov , Alessandro Lazaric , Emmanuel Dupoux , Marco Baroni

Transformers flexibly operate over sets of real-valued vectors representing task-specific entities and their attributes, where each vector might encode one word-piece token and its position in a sequence, or some piece of information that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Cameron Diao , Ricky Loynd

Multilingual large language models (LLMs) aim towards robust natural language understanding across diverse languages, yet their performance significantly degrades on low-resource languages. This work explores whether existing techniques to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Soumen Kumar Mondal , Sayambhu Sen , Abhishek Singhania , Preethi Jyothi