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Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has garnered widespread attention in the field of Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification as it replaces pixel-level manual annotation with diagnostic reports as labels, significantly reducing labor costs.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-08 Tianhang Nan , Hao Quan , Yong Ding , Xingyu Li , Kai Yang , Xiaoyu Cui

Deep learning has shown strong potential in cancer classification from whole-slide images (WSIs), but the need for extensive expert annotations often limits its success. Annotation-free approaches, such as multiple instance learning (MIL)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Willmer Rafell Quinones Robles , Sakonporn Noree , Jongwoo Kim , Young Sin Ko , Bryan Wong , Mun Yong Yi

Existing WSI analysis methods lie on the consensus that histopathological characteristics of tumors are significant guidance for cancer diagnostics. Particularly, as the evolution of cancers is a continuous process, the correlations and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Tong Shu , Jun Shi , Dongdong Sun , Zhiguo Jiang , Yushan Zheng

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) offers a natural solution for settings where only coarse, bag-level labels are available, without having access to instance-level annotations. This is usually the case in digital pathology, which consists of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Andreas Lolos , Stergios Christodoulidis , Aris L. Moustakas , Jose Dolz , Maria Vakalopoulou

Computational pathology (CPath) has significantly advanced the clinical practice of pathology. Despite the progress made, Multiple Instance Learning (MIL), a promising paradigm within CPath, continues to face challenges, particularly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Yuqi Zhang , Xiaoqian Zhang , Jiakai Wang , Yuancheng Yang , Taiying Peng , Chao Tong

Whole Slide Imaging (WSI), which involves high-resolution digital scans of pathology slides, has become the gold standard for cancer diagnosis, but its gigapixel resolution and the scarcity of annotated datasets present challenges for deep…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-03 Rita Pereira , M. Rita Verdelho , Catarina Barata , Carlos Santiago

In computational pathology, whole-slide image (WSI) classification presents a formidable challenge due to its gigapixel resolution and limited fine-grained annotations. Multiple-instance learning (MIL) offers a weakly supervised solution,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Renao Yan , Qiehe Sun , Cheng Jin , Yiqing Liu , Yonghong He , Tian Guan , Hao Chen

In the field of computational histopathology, both whole slide images (WSIs) and diagnostic captions provide valuable insights for making diagnostic decisions. However, aligning WSIs with diagnostic captions presents a significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Qifeng Zhou , Wenliang Zhong , Yuzhi Guo , Michael Xiao , Hehuan Ma , Junzhou Huang

Weakly-supervised classification of histopathology slides is a computationally intensive task, with a typical whole slide image (WSI) containing billions of pixels to process. We propose Discriminative Region Active Sampling for Multiple…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-23 Jack Breen , Katie Allen , Kieran Zucker , Geoff Hall , Nicolas M. Orsi , Nishant Ravikumar

Whole Slide Images (WSI), obtained by high-resolution digital scanning of microscope slides at multiple scales, are the cornerstone of modern Digital Pathology. However, they represent a particular challenge to AI-based/AI-mediated analysis…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Martim Afonso , Praphulla M. S. Bhawsar , Monjoy Saha , Jonas S. Almeida , Arlindo L. Oliveira

In whole slide images (WSIs) analysis, attention-based multi-instance learning (MIL) models are susceptible to spurious correlations and degrade under domain shift. These methods may assign high attention weights to non-tumor regions, such…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Xin Liu , Weijia Zhang , Wei Tang , Thuc Duy Le , Jiuyong Li , Lin Liu , Min-Ling Zhang

Although multiple instance learning (MIL) methods are widely used for automatic tumor detection on whole slide images (WSI), they suffer from the extreme class imbalance within the small tumor WSIs. This occurs when the tumor comprises only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Ziyu Su , Mostafa Rezapour , Usama Sajjad , Shuo Niu , Metin Nafi Gurcan , Muhammad Khalid Khan Niazi

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has enabled weakly supervised analysis of whole-slide images (WSIs) in computational pathology. However, traditional MIL approaches often lose crucial contextual information, while transformer-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Xitong Ling , Minxi Ouyang , Xiaoxiao Li , Jiawen Li , Ying Chen , Yuxuan Sun , Xinrui Chen , Tian Guan , Xiaoping Liu , Yonghong He

Deep learning methods are widely used for medical applications to assist medical doctors in their daily routines. While performances reach expert's level, interpretability (highlight how and what a trained model learned and why it makes a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-30 Antoine Pirovano , Hippolyte Heuberger , Sylvain Berlemont , Saïd Ladjal , Isabelle Bloch

Deep neural networks, including transformers and convolutional neural networks, have significantly improved multivariate time series classification (MTSC). However, these methods often rely on supervised learning, which does not fully…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Xiwen Chen , Peijie Qiu , Wenhui Zhu , Huayu Li , Hao Wang , Aristeidis Sotiras , Yalin Wang , Abolfazl Razi

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has emerged as the dominant paradigm for whole slide image (WSI) analysis in computational pathology, achieving strong diagnostic performance through patch-level feature aggregation. However, existing MIL…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Yiran Song , Yikai Zhang , Shuang Zhou , Guojun Xiong , Xiaofeng Yang , Nian Wang , Fenglong Ma , Rui Zhang , Mingquan Lin

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has become a standard paradigm for the weakly supervised classification of whole slide images (WSIs). However, this paradigm relies on using a large number of labeled WSIs for training. The lack of training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Minghao Han , Linhao Qu , Dingkang Yang , Xukun Zhang , Xiaoying Wang , Lihua Zhang

Weakly supervised whole slide image classification is usually formulated as a multiple instance learning (MIL) problem, where each slide is treated as a bag, and the patches cut out of it are treated as instances. Existing methods either…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Linhao Qu , Yingfan Ma , Xiaoyuan Luo , Manning Wang , Zhijian Song

In computational pathology, multiple instance learning (MIL) is widely used to circumvent the computational impasse in giga-pixel whole slide image (WSI) analysis. It usually consists of two stages: patch-level feature extraction and…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-21 Beidi Zhao , Wenlong Deng , Zi Han , Li , Chen Zhou , Zuhua Gao , Gang Wang , Xiaoxiao Li

Digital pathology has revolutionized the field by enabling the digitization of tissue samples into whole slide images (WSIs). However, the high resolution and large size of WSIs present significant challenges when it comes to applying Deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Ali Mammadov , Loïc Le Folgoc , Guillaume Hocquet , Pietro Gori
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