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The recent emergence of Large Vision-Language Models(VLMs) has resulted in a variety of different benchmarks for evaluating such models. Despite this, we observe that most existing evaluation methods suffer from the fact that they either…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Yoonshik Kim , Jaeyoon Jung

Large language models (LLMs) are typically optimized for resource-rich languages like English, exacerbating the gap between high-resource and underrepresented languages. This work presents a detailed analysis of strategies for developing a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Ander Corral , Ixak Sarasua , Xabier Saralegi

Large language models (LLMs) can potentially democratize access to medical knowledge. While many efforts have been made to harness and improve LLMs' medical knowledge and reasoning capacities, the resulting models are either closed-source…

Large Language Models (LLM) have achieved remarkable performances in general domains and are now extending into the expert domain of law. Several benchmarks have been proposed to evaluate LLMs' legal capabilities. However, these benchmarks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Jihyung Lee , Daehui Kim , Seonjeong Hwang , Hyounghun Kim , Gary Lee

Determining the ideal architecture for deep learning models, such as the number of layers and neurons, is a difficult and resource-intensive process that frequently relies on human tuning or computationally costly optimization approaches.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Saad Hameed , Basheer Qolomany , Samir Brahim Belhaouari , Mohamed Abdallah , Junaid Qadir , Ala Al-Fuqaha

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant success in natural language processing (NLP) tasks and have shown promising results in other domains such as protein sequence generation. However, there remain salient differences…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-11-12 Aayush Shah , Shankar Jayaratnam

We introduce Confucius3-Math, an open-source large language model with 14B parameters that (1) runs efficiently on a single consumer-grade GPU; (2) achieves SOTA performances on a range of mathematical reasoning tasks, outperforming many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Lixin Wu , Na Cai , Qiao Cheng , Jiachen Wang , Yitao Duan

Generating accurate code review comments remains a significant challenge due to the inherently diverse and non-unique nature of the task output. Large language models pretrained on both programming and natural language data tend to perform…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Md. Asif Haider , Ayesha Binte Mostofa , Sk. Sabit Bin Mosaddek , Anindya Iqbal , Toufique Ahmed

Recent progress in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has highlighted the critical roles of both the visual backbone and the underlying language model. While prior work has primarily focused on scaling these components to billions of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Federico Cocchi , Nicholas Moratelli , Davide Caffagni , Sara Sarto , Lorenzo Baraldi , Marcella Cornia , Rita Cucchiara

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized both general natural language processing and domain-specific applications such as code synthesis, legal reasoning, and finance. However, while prior studies have explored individual model…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Gunjan Das , Paheli Bhattacharya , Rishabh Gupta

Multilingual Large Language Models (MLLMs) represent a pivotal advancement in democratizing artificial intelligence across linguistic boundaries. While theoretical foundations are well-established, practical implementation guidelines remain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Junhua Liu , Bin Fu

Context: Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly influencing software engineering practice and education. While prior studies examine their technical performance and classroom use, limited research provides cost-aware and empirically…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Maryam Khan , Muhammad Azeem Akbar , Jussi Kasurinen , Estefanía Martín-Barroso

Recently years have witnessed a rapid development of large language models (LLMs). Despite the strong ability in many language-understanding tasks, the heavy computational burden largely restricts the application of LLMs especially when one…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Yuhui Xu , Lingxi Xie , Xiaotao Gu , Xin Chen , Heng Chang , Hengheng Zhang , Zhengsu Chen , Xiaopeng Zhang , Qi Tian

Despite the widespread availability of LLMs, there remains a substantial gap in their capabilities and availability across diverse languages. One approach to address these issues has been to take an existing pre-trained LLM and continue to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Zoltan Csaki , Bo Li , Jonathan Li , Qiantong Xu , Pian Pawakapan , Leon Zhang , Yun Du , Hengyu Zhao , Changran Hu , Urmish Thakker

Large language models (LLMs) typically utilize the top-k contexts from a retriever in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). In this work, we propose a novel instruction fine-tuning framework RankRAG, which instruction-tunes a single LLM for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Yue Yu , Wei Ping , Zihan Liu , Boxin Wang , Jiaxuan You , Chao Zhang , Mohammad Shoeybi , Bryan Catanzaro

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in natural language processing tasks by leveraging chain of thought (CoT) that enables step-by-step thinking. Extending LLMs with multimodal capabilities is the recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Debjyoti Mondal , Suraj Modi , Subhadarshi Panda , Rituraj Singh , Godawari Sudhakar Rao

Polyglot is a pioneering project aimed at enhancing the non-English language performance of multilingual language models. Despite the availability of various multilingual models such as mBERT (Devlin et al., 2019), XGLM (Lin et al., 2022),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Hyunwoong Ko , Kichang Yang , Minho Ryu , Taekyoon Choi , Seungmu Yang , Jiwung Hyun , Sungho Park , Kyubyong Park

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved significant success, prompting increased interest in expanding their generative capabilities beyond general text into domain-specific areas. This study investigates the generation of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Jiahao Li , Weijian Ma , Xueyang Li , Yunzhong Lou , Guichun Zhou , Xiangdong Zhou

Dataset curation has become a basis for strong large language model (LLM) performance. While various rule-based filtering heuristics exist for English and multilingual datasets, model-based filtering techniques have primarily focused on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Bettina Messmer , Vinko Sabolčec , Martin Jaggi

With the advancement of mid/post-training techniques, LLMs are pushing their boundaries at an accelerated pace. Legacy benchmarks saturate quickly (e.g., broad suites like MMLU over the years, newer ones like GPQA-D even faster), which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Nahyun Lee , Guijin Son , Hyunwoo Ko , Kyubeen Han