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Data-driven artificial intelligence (AI) models have made significant advancements in weather forecasting, particularly in medium-range and nowcasting. However, most data-driven weather forecasting models are black-box systems that focus on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Wanghan Xu , Fenghua Ling , Wenlong Zhang , Tao Han , Hao Chen , Wanli Ouyang , Lei Bai

Machine learning (ML) techniques, especially neural networks (NNs), have shown promise in learning subgrid-scale parameterizations for climate models. However, a major problem with data-driven parameterizations, particularly those learned…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-07-17 Hamid A. Pahlavan , Pedram Hassanzadeh , M. Joan Alexander

The martian atmosphere hosts dynamical phenomena ranging from planet-encircling dust storms to mesoscale orographic clouds and nocturnal low-level jets. General circulation model show capability to simulate these phenomena, but is…

The energy transition, crucial for tackling the climate crisis, demands integrating numerous distributed, renewable energy sources into existing grids. Along with climate change and consumer behavioral changes, this leads to changes and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-05 Alban Puech , Jonas Weiss , Thomas Brunschwiler , Hendrik F. Hamann

Modern climate projections often suffer from inadequate spatial and temporal resolution due to computational limitations, resulting in inaccurate representations of sub-grid processes. A promising technique to address this is the Multiscale…

Quantifying and reducing uncertainty in Earth system model parameterizations is essential to improving their reliability in decision-making. Forward uncertainty propagation is used to derive parameter sensitivity but requires physically…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-04-22 Ethan YoungIn Shin , Baris Kale , Michael F. Howland

Foundation models (FMs) are a popular topic of research in AI. Their ability to generalize to new tasks and datasets without retraining or needing an abundance of data makes them an appealing candidate for applications on specialist…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Marga Don , Stijn Pinson , Blanca Guillen Cebrian , Yuki M. Asano

As global energy systems transit to clean energy, accurate renewable generation and renewable demand forecasting is imperative for effective grid management. Foundation Models (FMs) can help improve forecasting of renewable generation and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-01 Md Meftahul Ferdaus , Tanmoy Dam , Md Rasel Sarkar , Moslem Uddin , Sreenatha G. Anavatti

State-of-the-art Earth system models (ESMs) cannot explicitly resolve many small-scale atmospheric processes such as atmospheric gravity waves, and thus must represent, or parameterise, their effects on the resolved state. Machine learning…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-05-07 Elias Haslauer , Mierk Schwabe , Andreas Dörnbrack , Edwin P. Gerber , Markus Rapp , Nedjeljka Žagar , Veronika Eyring

Significant progress in the development of highly adaptable and reusable Artificial Intelligence (AI) models is expected to have a significant impact on Earth science and remote sensing. Foundation models are pre-trained on large unlabeled…

Recently, artificial intelligence-based (AI-based) models for forecasting of global weather have been rapidly developed. Most of the global models are trained on reanalysis datasets with a spatial resolution of 0.25{\deg}*0.25{\deg}.…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-01-28 Pengbo Xu , Xiaogu Zheng , Tianyan Gao , Yu Wang , Junping Yin , Juan Zhang , Xuanze Zhang , San Luo , Zhonglei Wang , Zhimin Zhang , Xiaoguang Hu , Xiaoxu Chen

Climate models are essential to understand and project climate change, yet long-standing biases and uncertainties in their projections remain. This is largely associated with the representation of subgrid-scale processes, particularly…

The use of machine learning to build subgrid parametrizations for climate models is receiving growing attention. State-of-the-art strategies address the problem as a supervised learning task and optimize algorithms that predict subgrid…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2022-11-29 Hugo Frezat , Julien Le Sommer , Ronan Fablet , Guillaume Balarac , Redouane Lguensat

Climate models are complicated software systems that approximate atmospheric and oceanic fluid mechanics at a coarse spatial resolution. Typical climate forecasts only explicitly resolve processes larger than 100 km and approximate any…

Climate system models (CSMs), through integrating cross-sphere interactions among the atmosphere, ocean, land, and cryosphere, have emerged as pivotal tools for deciphering climate dynamics and improving forecasting capabilities. Recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Chenguang Zhou , Lei Chen , Xiaohui Zhong , Bo Lu , Hao Li , Libo Wu , Jie Wu , Jiahui Hu , Zesheng Dou , Pang-Chi Hsu , Xiaoye Zhang

One of the major sources of uncertainty in the current generation of Global Climate Models (GCMs) is the representation of sub-grid scale physical processes. Over the years, a series of deep-learning-based parameterization schemes have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Shuochen Wang , Nishant Yadav , Auroop R. Ganguly

Recent progress in self-supervision shows that pre-training large neural networks on vast amounts of unsupervised data can lead to impressive increases in generalisation for downstream tasks. Such models, recently coined as foundation…

The parameterization of moist convection contributes to uncertainty in climate modeling and numerical weather prediction. Machine learning (ML) can be used to learn new parameterizations directly from high-resolution model output, but it…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2018-11-30 Paul A. O'Gorman , John G. Dwyer

Artificial intelligence (AI) - and specifically machine learning (ML) - applications for climate prediction across timescales are proliferating quickly. The emergence of these methods prompts a revisit to the impact of data preprocessing, a…

While computer science has seen remarkable advancements in foundation models, which remain underexplored in geoscience. Addressing this gap, we introduce a workflow to develop geophysical foundation models, including data preparation, model…

Geophysics · Physics 2023-12-18 Hanlin Sheng , Xinming Wu , Xu Si , Jintao Li , Sibo Zhang , Xudong Duan