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Modern datasets and models are notoriously difficult to explore and analyze due to their inherent high dimensionality and massive numbers of samples. Existing visualization methods which employ dimensionality reduction to two or three…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-01 David M. Chan , Roshan Rao , Forrest Huang , John F. Canny

This article presents a novel application of the t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) clustering algorithm to the telecommunication field. t-SNE is a dimensionality reduction (DR) algorithm that allows the visualization of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-28 Alejandro Ramírez-Arroyo , Luz García , Antonio Alex-Amor , Juan F. Valenzuela-Valdés

Contrastive learning, especially self-supervised contrastive learning (SSCL), has achieved great success in extracting powerful features from unlabeled data. In this work, we contribute to the theoretical understanding of SSCL and uncover…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Tianyang Hu , Zhili Liu , Fengwei Zhou , Wenjia Wang , Weiran Huang

Stack autoencoder (SAE), as a representative deep network, has unique and excellent performance in feature learning, and has received extensive attention from researchers. However, existing deep SAEs focus on original samples without…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-28 Chuanyan Zhou , Jie Ma , Fan Li , Yongming Li , Pin Wang , Xiaoheng Zhang

Single-cell sequencing is revolutionizing biology by enabling detailed investigations of cell-state transitions. Many biological processes unfold along continuous trajectories, yet it remains challenging to extract smooth, low-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-30 Rong Ma , Xi Li , Jingyuan Hu , Bin Yu

Visualizing high-dimensional data is essential for understanding biomedical data and deep learning models. Neighbor embedding methods, such as t-SNE and UMAP, are widely used but can introduce misleading visual artifacts. We find that the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-02 Zhexuan Liu , Rong Ma , Yiqiao Zhong

Unsupervised dimensionality reduction is one of the commonly used techniques in the field of high dimensional data recognition problems. The deep autoencoder network which constrains the weights to be non-negative, can learn a low…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-18 Anyong Qin , Zhaowei Shang , Zhuolin Tan , Taiping Zhang , Yuan Yan Tang

Neighbor embedding methods $t$-SNE and UMAP are the de facto standard for visualizing high-dimensional datasets. Motivated from entirely different viewpoints, their loss functions appear to be unrelated. In practice, they yield strongly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Sebastian Damrich , Jan Niklas Böhm , Fred A. Hamprecht , Dmitry Kobak

Across many scientific fields, measurements often represent the number of times an event occurs. For example, a document can be represented by word occurrence counts, neural activity by spike counts per time window, or online communication…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-21 Noga Mudrik , Adam S. Charles

Graph embedding is gaining its popularity for link prediction in complex networks and achieving excellent performance. However, limited work has been done in sparse networks that represent most of real networks. In this paper, we propose a…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Min-Ren Chen , Ping Huang , Yu Lin , Shi-Min Cai

Nonlinear data visualization using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) enables the representation of complex single-cell transcriptomic landscapes in two or three dimensions to depict biological populations accurately.…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-02 Hui Ma , Kai Chen

Stochastic neighbor embedding (SNE) and related nonlinear manifold learning algorithms achieve high-quality low-dimensional representations of similarity data, but are notoriously slow to train. We propose a generic formulation of embedding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-06-22 Max Vladymyrov , Miguel Carreira-Perpinan

The clustering and visualisation of high-dimensional data is a ubiquitous task in modern data science. Popular techniques include nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods like t-SNE or UMAP. These methods face the `scale-problem' of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-20 Jack Kendrick

Graph embeddings have emerged as a powerful tool for understanding the structure of graphs. Unlike classical spectral methods, recent methods such as DeepWalk, Node2Vec, etc. are based on solving nonlinear optimization problems on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Christopher Harker , Aditya Bhaskara

As a pivotal branch of machine learning, manifold learning uncovers the intrinsic low-dimensional structure within complex nonlinear manifolds in high-dimensional space for visualization, classification, clustering, and gaining key…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Dehua Peng , Zhipeng Gui , Wenzhang Wei , Fa Li , Jie Gui , Huayi Wu , Jianya Gong

We propose a fast, distance-preserving, binary embedding algorithm to transform a high-dimensional dataset $\mathcal{T}\subseteq\mathbb{R}^n$ into binary sequences in the cube $\{\pm 1\}^m$. When $\mathcal{T}$ consists of well-spread (i.e.,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-03-11 Jinjie Zhang , Rayan Saab

We propose a unified view on two widely used data visualization techniques: Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) and Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (SNE). We show that they can both be derived from a common mathematical framework. Leveraging this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Thibaut Kulak , Anthony Fillion , François Blayo

Traditional network embedding primarily focuses on learning a continuous vector representation for each node, preserving network structure and/or node content information, such that off-the-shelf machine learning algorithms can be easily…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-01-02 Daokun Zhang , Jie Yin , Xingquan Zhu , Chengqi Zhang

T-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding (t-SNE) is a widely used data visualisation technique. It differs from its predecessor SNE by the low-dimensional similarity kernel: the Gaussian kernel was replaced by the heavy-tailed Cauchy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-20 Dmitry Kobak , George Linderman , Stefan Steinerberger , Yuval Kluger , Philipp Berens

Progressive Visual Analytics aims at improving the interactivity in existing analytics techniques by means of visualization as well as interaction with intermediate results. One key method for data analysis is dimensionality reduction, for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-06-17 Nicola Pezzotti , Boudewijn P. F. Lelieveldt , Laurens van der Maaten , Thomas Höllt , Elmar Eisemann , Anna Vilanova