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Feature attribution methods aim to improve the transparency of deep neural networks by identifying the input features that influence a model's decision. Pixel-based heatmaps have become the standard for attributing features to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-06 Gabriel Kasmi , Amandine Brunetto , Thomas Fel , Jayneel Parekh

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods are increasingly used in safety-critical domains, yet there is no unified framework to jointly evaluate fidelity, interpretability, robustness, fairness, and completeness. We address this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Md. Ariful Islam , Md Abrar Jahin , M. F. Mridha , Nilanjan Dey

Deep neural networks are very successful on many vision tasks, but hard to interpret due to their black box nature. To overcome this, various post-hoc attribution methods have been proposed to identify image regions most influential to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Sukrut Rao , Moritz Böhle , Bernt Schiele

The increasing complexity of AI systems has made understanding their behavior critical. Numerous interpretability methods have been developed to attribute model behavior to three key aspects: input features, training data, and internal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Shichang Zhang , Tessa Han , Usha Bhalla , Himabindu Lakkaraju

Linear Programs (LPs) have been one of the building blocks in machine learning and have championed recent strides in differentiable optimizers for learning systems. While there exist solvers for even high-dimensional LPs, understanding said…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Florian Peter Busch , Matej Zečević , Kristian Kersting , Devendra Singh Dhami

The study of the attribution of input features to the output of neural network models is an active area of research. While numerous Explainable AI (XAI) techniques have been proposed to interpret these models, the systematic and automated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Aria Nourbakhsh , Salima Lamsiyah , Adelaide Danilov , Christoph Schommer

The field of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) attempts to develop methods that provide insight into how complicated machine learning methods make predictions. Many methods of explanation have focused on the concept of feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Kurt Butler , Guanchao Feng , Petar M. Djuric

The advancements in deep learning-based methods for visual perception tasks have seen astounding growth in the last decade, with widespread adoption in a plethora of application areas from autonomous driving to clinical decision support…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Kumar Abhishek , Deeksha Kamath

Deep neural networks are very successful on many vision tasks, but hard to interpret due to their black box nature. To overcome this, various post-hoc attribution methods have been proposed to identify image regions most influential to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Sukrut Rao , Moritz Böhle , Bernt Schiele

Feature attribution methods identify which features of an input most influence a model's output. Most widely-used feature attribution methods (such as SHAP, LIME, and Grad-CAM) are "class-dependent" methods in that they generate a feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Neil Jethani , Adriel Saporta , Rajesh Ranganath

We present a method for neural network interpretability by combining feature attribution with counterfactual explanations to generate attribution maps that highlight the most discriminative features between pairs of classes. We show that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Nils Eckstein , Alexander S. Bates , Gregory S. X. E. Jefferis , Jan Funke

Attribution methods provide an insight into the decision-making process of machine learning models, especially deep neural networks, by assigning contribution scores to each individual feature. However, the attribution problem has not been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Huiqi Deng , Na Zou , Mengnan Du , Weifu Chen , Guocan Feng , Xia Hu

Explainable AI aims to render model behavior understandable by humans, which can be seen as an intermediate step in extracting causal relations from correlative patterns. Due to the high risk of possible fatal decisions in image-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Lukas Klein , João B. S. Carvalho , Mennatallah El-Assady , Paolo Penna , Joachim M. Buhmann , Paul F. Jaeger

The rationale behind a deep learning model's output is often difficult to understand by humans. EXplainable AI (XAI) aims at solving this by developing methods that improve interpretability and explainability of machine learning models.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Rafaël Brandt , Daan Raatjens , Georgi Gaydadjiev

The study of neural networks from the perspective of Fourier features has garnered significant attention. While existing analytical research suggests that neural networks tend to learn low-frequency features, a clear attribution method for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Zechen Liu , Feiyang Zhang , Wei Song , Xiang Li , Wei Wei

A critical need has emerged for generative AI: attribution methods. That is, solutions that can identify the model originating AI-generated content. This feature, generally relevant in multimodal applications, is especially sensitive in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Emanuele Ricco , Elia Onofri , Lorenzo Cima , Stefano Cresci , Roberto Di Pietro

We introduce Iterated Integrated Attributions (IIA) - a generic method for explaining the predictions of vision models. IIA employs iterative integration across the input image, the internal representations generated by the model, and their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Oren Barkan , Yehonatan Elisha , Yuval Asher , Amit Eshel , Noam Koenigstein

eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is a sub-field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that is at the forefront of AI research. In XAI, feature attribution methods produce explanations in the form of feature importance. People often use…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-09 Jamie Duell , Monika Seisenberger , Gert Aarts , Shangming Zhou , Xiuyi Fan

Attribution methods correspond to a class of explainability methods (XAI) that aim to assess how individual inputs contribute to a model's decision-making process. We have identified a significant limitation in one type of attribution…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Sabine Muzellec , Thomas Fel , Victor Boutin , Léo andéol , Rufin VanRullen , Thomas Serre

We introduce Doctor XAvIer, a BERT-based diagnostic system that extracts relevant clinical data from transcribed patient-doctor dialogues and explains predictions using feature attribution methods. We present a novel performance plot and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Hillary Ngai , Frank Rudzicz