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Large Language Models (LLMs) are nowadays extensively used for various types of software engineering tasks, primarily code generation. Previous research has shown how suitable prompt engineering could help developers in improving their code…

Application designers have moved to integrate large language models (LLMs) into their products. However, many LLM-integrated applications are vulnerable to prompt injections. While attempts have been made to address this problem by building…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Dennis Jacob , Hend Alzahrani , Zhanhao Hu , Basel Alomair , David Wagner

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in code generation, achieving high scores on benchmarks such as HumanEval and MBPP. However, these benchmarks primarily assess functional correctness and neglect broader…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Scott Blyth , Sherlock A. Licorish , Christoph Treude , Markus Wagner

Prompt engineering has emerged as an indispensable technique for extending the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models (VLMs). This approach leverages task-specific instructions, known as prompts, to enhance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Pranab Sahoo , Ayush Kumar Singh , Sriparna Saha , Vinija Jain , Samrat Mondal , Aman Chadha

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance in generating human-like text and solving reasoning tasks of moderate complexity, such as question-answering and mathematical problem-solving. However, their capabilities in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Cole Gawin , Yidan Sun , Mayank Kejriwal

Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate functional source code from natural-language prompts, but often fail to consistently follow higher-level architectural structures or design patterns. Since LLMs are increasingly used in software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Viktor Kjellberg , Farnaz Fotrousi , Miroslaw Staron

Automatic evaluation of large language model (LLM) responses requires not only factual correctness but also clarity, particularly in political question-answering. While recent datasets provide human annotations for clarity and evasion, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Lavanya Prahallad , Sai Utkarsh Choudarypally , Pragna Prahallad , Pranathi Prahallad

Despite the growing use of large language models (LLMs) for providing feedback, limited research has explored how to achieve high-quality feedback. This case study introduces an evaluation framework to assess different zero-shot prompt…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Niklas Ippisch , Anna-Carolina Haensch , Jan Simson , Jacob Beck , Markus Herklotz , Malte Schierholz

The advent of Large Language Models LLMs marks a milestone in Artificial Intelligence, altering how machines comprehend and generate human language. However, LLMs are vulnerable to malicious prompt injection attacks, where crafted inputs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Sahasra Kokkula , Somanathan R , Nandavardhan R , Aashishkumar , G Divya

Large Language Models (LLMs), while powerful, are built and trained to process a single text input. In common applications, multiple inputs can be processed by concatenating them together into a single stream of text. However, the LLM is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Keegan Hines , Gary Lopez , Matthew Hall , Federico Zarfati , Yonatan Zunger , Emre Kiciman

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in software development, but their level of software security expertise remains unclear. This work systematically evaluates the security comprehension of five leading LLMs: GPT-4o-Mini,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Mohammed Latif Siddiq , Natalie Sekerak , Antonio Karam , Maria Leal , Arvin Islam-Gomes , Joanna C. S. Santos

LLM-based coding assistants are seeing rapid adoption, offering substantial gains in developer productivity. As organizations increasingly ship code these agents produce, the security of that code becomes critical. Prior work has shown that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Alexander Sternfeld , Andrei Kucharavy , Ljiljana Dolamic

Code generation models are widely used in software development, yet their sensitivity to prompt phrasing remains under-examined. Identical requirements expressed with different emotions or communication styles can yield divergent outputs,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Wei Ma , Yixiao Yang , Jingquan Ge , Xiaofei Xie , Lingxiao Jiang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly transformed software development, especially in code generation. However, their inconsistent performance, prone to hallucinations and quality issues, complicates program comprehension and hinders…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Antonio Della Porta , Stefano Lambiase , Fabio Palomba

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success in various natural language processing and software engineering tasks, such as code generation. The LLMs are mainly utilized in the prompt-based zero/few-shot paradigm to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Mohamad Khajezade , Jie JW Wu , Fatemeh Hendijani Fard , Gema Rodríguez-Pérez , Mohamed Sami Shehata

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated strong emergent abilities in complex reasoning and zero-shot generalization, showing unprecedented potential for LLM-as-a-judge applications in education, peer review, and data quality…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Xuyang Guo , Zekai Huang , Zhao Song , Jiahao Zhang

Vision-language foundation models (VLMs) show promise for diverse imaging tasks but often underperform on medical benchmarks. Prior efforts to improve performance include model finetuning, which requires large domain-specific datasets and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Arnav Singhvi , Vasiliki Bikia , Asad Aali , Akshay Chaudhari , Roxana Daneshjou

The increasing reliance on Large Language Models (LLMs) across academia and industry necessitates a comprehensive understanding of their robustness to prompts. In response to this vital need, we introduce PromptRobust, a robustness…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Kaijie Zhu , Jindong Wang , Jiaheng Zhou , Zichen Wang , Hao Chen , Yidong Wang , Linyi Yang , Wei Ye , Yue Zhang , Neil Zhenqiang Gong , Xing Xie

We witness an increasing usage of AI-assistants even for routine (classroom) programming tasks. However, the code generated on basis of a so called "prompt" by the programmer does not always meet accepted security standards. On the one…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Stefan Goetz , Andreas Schaad

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) demands robust, unbiased, and scalable evaluation methods. However, human annotations are costly to scale, model-based evaluations are susceptible to stylistic biases, and…