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Land use expansion is linked to major sustainability concerns including climate change, food security and biodiversity loss. This expansion is largely concentrated in so-called frontiers, defined here as places experiencing marked…

As autonomous vehicles become more prevalent, highly accurate and efficient systems are increasingly critical to improve safety, performance, and energy consumption. Efficient management of energy-reliability tradeoffs in these systems…

Large language models (LLMs) are being increasingly used in urban planning, but since gendered space theory highlights how gender hierarchies are embedded in spatial organization, there is concern that LLMs may reproduce or amplify such…

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being adopted in high-stakes domains. Their potential to encode evolving social contexts and to generate plausible scenarios position them as promising tools in social policymaking. This article…

Large language models are increasingly applied to operational decision-making where the underlying structure is constrained optimization. Existing benchmarks evaluate whether LLMs can formulate optimization problems as solver code, but…

Evaluating alignment in language models requires testing how they behave under realistic pressure, not just what they claim they would do. While alignment failures increasingly cause real-world harm, comprehensive evaluation frameworks with…

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) bring together the diverse development community and provide a clear set of development targets for 2030. Given a large number of actors and initiatives related to these goals, there is a need to have a…

Cities have become primary actors on climate change and are increasingly setting goals aimed at net-zero emissions. The rapid proliferation of subnational governments "racing to zero" emissions and articulating their own climate mitigation…

Pre-trained large language models (LLMs) have become a cornerstone of modern natural language processing, with their capabilities extending across a wide range of applications and languages. However, the fine-tuning of multilingual LLMs,…

The use of large language models (LLMs) is expanding rapidly, and open-source versions are becoming available, offering users safer and more adaptable options. These models enable users to protect data privacy by eliminating the need to…

Multilingual large language models (MLLMs) are increasingly deployed across cultural, linguistic, and political contexts, yet existing governance frameworks largely assume English-centric data, homogeneous user populations, and abstract…

LLM agents increasingly have access to private user data and act on the user's behalf when interacting with third-party systems. The user defines what may and must not be shared, and the agent must robustly follow that intent even when…

Reasoning remains a challenging task for large language models (LLMs), especially within the logically constrained environment of automated theorem proving (ATP), due to sparse rewards and the vast scale of proofs. These challenges are…

Multilingual NLP is often treated as a route to global inclusion, but linguistic coverage and cultural competence frequently diverge. This paper synthesizes over 50 papers spanning multilingual performance inequality, cross-lingual…

Socio-environmental planning under deep uncertainty requires researchers to identify and conceptualize problems before exploring policies and deploying plans. In practice and model-based planning approaches, this problem conceptualization…

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have substantially improved single-turn task performance, yet real-world applications increasingly demand sophisticated multi-turn interactions. This survey provides a comprehensive review of…

Models of coupled human-environment systems often face a tradeoff between realism and tractability. Spectrum opinion models, where social preferences vary continuously, offer descriptive richness but are computationally demanding and…

The integration of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors into corporate decision-making is a fundamental aspect of sustainable finance. However, ensuring that business practices align with evolving regulatory frameworks…

Despite concrete indicators and targets, monitoring the progress of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) remains a challenge, given the many different actors, initiatives, and institutions involved. OSDG, an open-source…

Large-scale system development companies are increasingly adopting agile methods. While this adoption may improve lead-times, such companies need to balance two trade-offs: (i) the need to have a uniform, consistent development method on…