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Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) improves LLM reasoning, yet growing evidence indicates an exploration ceiling: it often reweights existing solution traces rather than discovering new strategies, limiting gains under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Bizhe Bai , Xinyue Wang , Peng Ye , Tao Chen

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) improves reasoning in large language models but treats all correct solutions equally, potentially reinforcing flawed traces that get correct answers by chance. We observe that better…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Tiehua Mei , Minxuan Lv , Leiyu Pan , Zhenpeng Su , Hongru Hou , Hengrui Chen , Ao Xu , Deqing Yang

Recent extensive research has demonstrated that the enhanced reasoning capabilities acquired by models through Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) are primarily concentrated within the rank-1 components. Predicated on this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Hao Ye , Jisheng Dang , Junfeng Fang , Bimei Wang , Yizhou Zhang , Ning Lv , Wencan Zhang , Hong Peng , Bin Hu , Tat-Seng Chua

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a dominant paradigm for enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs) reasoning, yet its reliance on external verifiers limits its scalability. Recent findings suggest that RLVR…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Xin-Qiang Cai , Masashi Sugiyama

Reinforcement fine-tuning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for equipping large vision-language models (LVLMs) with agentic capabilities such as tool use and multi-step reasoning. Despite striking empirical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Carter Adams , Rafael Oliveira , Gabriel Almeida , Sofia Torres

Scalar reward models compress multi-dimensional human preferences into a single opaque score, creating an information bottleneck that often leads to brittleness and reward hacking in open-ended alignment. We argue that robust alignment for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Ruipeng Jia , Yunyi Yang , Yuxin Wu , Yongbo Gai , Siyuan Tao , Mengyu Zhou , Jianhe Lin , Xiaoxi Jiang , Guanjun Jiang

Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has improved language models in domains such as mathematics and code, where correctness can be checked automatically. However, many important tasks are only partially verifiable: prompts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Saurabh Dash , Pierre Clavier , John Dang , Matthias Galle , Marzieh Fadaee , Ahmet Üstün , Beyza Ermis

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) succeeds in reasoning tasks (e.g., math and code) by checking the final verifiable answer (i.e., a verifiable dot signal). However, extending this paradigm to open-ended generation is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yuxin Jiang , Yufei Wang , Qiyuan Zhang , Xingshan Zeng , Liangyou Li , Jierun Chen , Chaofan Tao , Haoli Bai , Lifeng Shang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has proven effective in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models, particularly in domains such as mathematics where reliable rule-based verifiers can be constructed.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Changyi Xiao , Caijun Xu , Yixin Cao

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) improves multimodal reasoning by rewarding verifiable final answers. Yet answer-correct trajectories may still rely on incomplete derivations, weak evidence, or statements that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Mengzhao Jia , Zhihan Zhang , Meng Jiang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has recently emerged as a powerful paradigm for facilitating the self-improvement of large language models (LLMs), particularly in the domain of complex reasoning tasks. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Ziru Liu , Cheng Gong , Xinyu Fu , Yaofang Liu , Ran Chen , Shoubo Hu , Suiyun Zhang , Rui Liu , Qingfu Zhang , Dandan Tu

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a prevailing paradigm for enhancing reasoning in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). However, relying solely on outcome supervision risks reward hacking, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Yukun Chen , Jiaming Li , Longze Chen , Ze Gong , Jingpeng Li , Zhen Qin , Hengyu Chang , Ancheng Xu , Zhihao Yang , Hamid Alinejad-Rokny , Qiang Qu , Bo Zheng , Min Yang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has been an effective approach for improving Large Language Models' reasoning in domains such as coding and mathematics. Here, we apply RLVR methods towards forecasting future real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Benjamin Turtel , Danny Franklin , Kris Skotheim , Luke Hewitt , Philipp Schoenegger

Recent work on reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has shown that large language models (LLMs) can be substantially improved using outcome-level verification signals, such as unit tests for code or exact-match checks for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Massimiliano Pronesti , Anya Belz , Yufang Hou

Reinforcement learning from verifiable rewards (RLVR) has shown strong promise for LLM reasoning, but outcome-based RLVR remains inefficient on hard problems because correct final-answer rollouts are rare and sample-level credit assignment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Xitai Jiang , Zihan Tang , Wenze Lin , Yang Yue , Shenzhi Wang , Gao Huang

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) recently thrives in large language model (LLM) reasoning tasks. However, the reward sparsity and the long reasoning horizon make effective exploration challenging. In practice, this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yifan Xu , Junren Chen , Yifan Chen

Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) on chain-of-thought reasoning has become a standard part of language model post-training recipes. A common assumption is that the reasoning chains trained through RLVR reliably represent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Qinan Yu , Alexa Tartaglini , Peter Hase , Carlos Guestrin , Christopher Potts

As large language models (LLMs) are deployed in consequential settings such as medical question answering and legal reasoning, the ability to estimate when their outputs are likely to be correct is essential for safe and reliable use,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Fengfei Yu , Ruijia Niu , Dongxia Wu , Yian Ma , Rose Yu

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has become a central post-training paradigm for improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models. Yet existing methods share a common blind spot: they optimize policies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Huaiyang Wang , Xiaojie Li , Deqing Wang , Haoyi Zhou , Zixuan Huang , Yaodong Yang , Jianxin Li , Yikun Ban

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) improves final-answer accuracy on reasoning tasks, but it does not reliably improve reasoning quality. Because outcome rewards only assess final answers, they also reward spurious…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Chenlu Ye , Zhou Yu , Ziji Zhang , Hao Chen , Narayanan Sadagopan , Jing Huang , Tong Zhang , Anurag Beniwal