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Sharpness-aware minimization (SAM) has emerged as a highly effective technique to improve model generalization, but its underlying principles are not fully understood. We investigate m-sharpness, where SAM performance improves monotonically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Haocheng Luo , Mehrtash Harandi , Dinh Phung , Trung Le

We consider Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM), a gradient-based optimization method for deep networks that has exhibited performance improvements on image and language prediction problems. We show that when SAM is applied with a convex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Peter L. Bartlett , Philip M. Long , Olivier Bousquet

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) was introduced to improve generalization by seeking flat minima, yet it also exhibits robustness to label noise, a phenomenon that remains only partially understood. Prior work has mainly attributed this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Hoang-Chau Luong , Quang-Thuc Nguyen , Dat Ba Tran , Minh-Triet Tran

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) has recently emerged as a robust technique for improving the accuracy of deep neural networks. However, SAM incurs a high computational cost in practice, requiring up to twice as much computation as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Renkun Ni , Ping-yeh Chiang , Jonas Geiping , Micah Goldblum , Andrew Gordon Wilson , Tom Goldstein

Sharpness-aware minimization (SAM) has been shown to improve the generalization of neural networks. However, each SAM update requires \emph{sequentially} computing two gradients, effectively doubling the per-iteration cost compared to base…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Wanyun Xie , Thomas Pethick , Volkan Cevher

Recently, sharpness-aware minimization (SAM) has attracted much attention because of its surprising effectiveness in improving generalization performance. However, compared to stochastic gradient descent (SGD), it is more prone to getting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Chengli Tan , Jiangshe Zhang , Junmin Liu , Yicheng Wang , Yunda Hao

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) has proven highly effective in improving model generalization in machine learning tasks. However, SAM employs a fixed hyperparameter associated with the regularization to characterize the sharpness of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Jinping Zou , Xiaoge Deng , Tao Sun

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) has substantially improved the generalization of neural networks under various settings. Despite the success, its effectiveness remains poorly understood. In this work, we discover an intriguing phenomenon…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Zhanpeng Zhou , Mingze Wang , Yuchen Mao , Bingrui Li , Junchi Yan

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) aims to improve generalization by minimizing a worst-case perturbed loss over a small neighborhood of model parameters. However, during training, its optimization behavior does not always align with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Hongru Duan , Yongle Chen , Lei Guan

Sharpness-aware minimization (SAM) seeks the minima with a flat loss landscape to improve the generalization performance in machine learning tasks, including fine-tuning. However, its extra parameter perturbation step doubles the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Yifei Cheng , Xianglin Yang , Guoxia Wang , Chao Huang , Fei Ma , Dianhai Yu , Xiaochun Cao , Li Shen

Adversarial Training (AT), which adversarially perturb the input samples during training, has been acknowledged as one of the most effective defenses against adversarial attacks, yet suffers from inevitably decreased clean accuracy. Instead…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Yihao Zhang , Hangzhou He , Jingyu Zhu , Huanran Chen , Yifei Wang , Zeming Wei

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) was recently introduced as a regularization procedure for training deep neural networks. It simultaneously minimizes the fitness (or loss) function and the so-called fitness sharpness. The latter serves as…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Illya Bakurov , Nathan Haut , Wolfgang Banzhaf

Effective clinical deployment of deep learning models in healthcare demands high generalization performance to ensure accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. In recent years, significant research has focused on improving the…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-22 Mohamed Hassan , Aleksandar Vakanski , Min Xian

The generalization performance of deep neural networks (DNNs) is a critical factor in achieving robust model behavior on unseen data. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of sharpness-based measures in promoting generalization by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Mohamed Hassan , Aleksandar Vakanski , Boyu Zhang , Min Xian

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) is an optimizer that takes a descent step based on the gradient at a perturbation $y_t = x_t + \rho \frac{\nabla f(x_t)}{\lVert \nabla f(x_t) \rVert}$ of the current point $x_t$. Existing studies prove…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Dongkuk Si , Chulhee Yun

Sharpness-aware minimization (SAM) has been instrumental in improving deep neural network training by minimizing both the training loss and the sharpness of the loss landscape, leading the model into flatter minima that are associated with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Van-Anh Nguyen , Quyen Tran , Tuan Truong , Thanh-Toan Do , Dinh Phung , Trung Le

The Sharpness Aware Minimization (SAM) optimization algorithm has been shown to control large eigenvalues of the loss Hessian and provide generalization benefits in a variety of settings. The original motivation for SAM was a modified loss…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-20 Atish Agarwala , Yann N. Dauphin

Fine-tuning large pretrained language models on a limited training corpus usually suffers from poor generalization. Prior works show that the recently-proposed sharpness-aware minimization (SAM) optimization method can improve the model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Qihuang Zhong , Liang Ding , Li Shen , Peng Mi , Juhua Liu , Bo Du , Dacheng Tao

The recently proposed optimization algorithm for deep neural networks Sharpness Aware Minimization (SAM) suggests perturbing parameters before gradient calculation by a gradient ascent step to guide the optimization into parameter space…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Marlon Becker , Frederick Altrock , Benjamin Risse

While Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) improves generalization in deep neural networks by minimizing both loss and sharpness, it suffers from inefficiency in distributed large-batch training. We present Landscape-Smoothed SAM (LSAM), a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Yunfei Teng , Sixin Zhang