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Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have recently gained attention due to their competitive performance on multiple downstream tasks, achieved by following user-input instructions. However, VLMs still exhibit several limitations in visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Simone Alghisi , Gabriel Roccabruna , Massimo Rizzoli , Seyed Mahed Mousavi , Giuseppe Riccardi

Large language models (LLMs) and vision language models (VLMs), such as DeepSeek R1,OpenAI o3, and Gemini 2.5 Pro, have demonstrated remarkable reasoning capabilities across logical inference, problem solving, and decision making. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Xiaoxing Lian , Aidong Yang , Jun Zhu , Peng Wang , Yue Zhang

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have altered the landscape of computer vision, obtaining impressive results across a wide range of tasks, especially in zero-shot settings. Unfortunately, their strong performance does not always…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Darryl Hannan , John Cooper , Dylan White , Timothy Doster , Henry Kvinge , Yijing Watkins

Large vision-language models (VLMs) still struggle with reliable 3D spatial reasoning, a core capability for embodied and physical AI systems. This limitation arises from their inability to capture fine-grained 3D geometry and spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Jian Zhang , Shijie Zhou , Bangya Liu , Achuta Kadambi , Zhiwen Fan

Reasoning about motion and space is a fundamental cognitive capability that is required by multiple real-world applications. While many studies highlight that large multimodal language models (MLMs) struggle to reason about space, they only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Arijit Ray , Jiafei Duan , Ellis Brown , Reuben Tan , Dina Bashkirova , Rose Hendrix , Kiana Ehsani , Aniruddha Kembhavi , Bryan A. Plummer , Ranjay Krishna , Kuo-Hao Zeng , Kate Saenko

Recent advances in natural-domain multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated effective spatial reasoning through visual and textual prompting. However, their direct transfer to remote sensing (RS) is hindered by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Wei Zhang , Miaoxin Cai , Yaqian Ning , Tong Zhang , Yin Zhuang , Shijian Lu , He Chen , Jun Li , Xuerui Mao

The recent rapid development of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) has indicated their potential for embodied tasks.However, the critical skill of spatial understanding in embodied environments has not been thoroughly evaluated, leaving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Mengfei Du , Binhao Wu , Zejun Li , Xuanjing Huang , Zhongyu Wei

Large language models(LLMs), with their powerful language generation and reasoning capabilities, have already achieved notable success in many domains, e.g., math and code generation. However, they often fall short when tackling real-life…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jie Feng , Tianhui Liu , Yuwei Du , Siqi Guo , Yuming Lin , Yong Li

Spatial reasoning is a crucial component of both biological and artificial intelligence. In this work, we present a comprehensive study of the capability of current state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) on spatial reasoning. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Md Imbesat Hassan Rizvi , Xiaodan Zhu , Iryna Gurevych

Despite significant recent progress of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), current MLLMs are challenged by "spatio-temporal" prompts, i.e., prompts that refer to 1) the entirety of an environment encoded in a point cloud that the MLLM…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Haozhen Zheng , Beitong Tian , Mingyuan Wu , Zhenggang Tang , Klara Nahrstedt , Alex Schwing

Recent advances in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in integrating vision and language for complex reasoning. While most existing benchmarks evaluate models under offline settings with a fixed set…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Jingli Lin , Chenming Zhu , Runsen Xu , Xiaohan Mao , Xihui Liu , Tai Wang , Jiangmiao Pang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable success in open-vocabulary perceptual tasks, yet their ability to solve complex cognitive problems remains limited, especially when visual details are abstract and require…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Boyi Li , Yifan Shen , Yuanzhe Liu , Yifan Xu , Jiateng Liu , Xinzhuo Li , Zhengyuan Li , Jingyuan Zhu , Yunhan Zhong , Fangzhou Lan , Jianguo Cao , James M. Rehg , Heng Ji , Ismini Lourentzou , Xu Cao

We propose RocketScience, an open-source contrastive VLM benchmark that tests for spatial relation understanding. It is comprised of entirely new real-world image-text pairs covering mostly relative spatial understanding and the order of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Nils Hoehing , Mayug Maniparambil , Ellen Rushe , Noel E. O'Connor , Anthony Ventresque

Vision language models (VLMs) can simultaneously reason about images and texts to tackle many tasks, from visual question answering to image captioning. This paper focuses on map parsing, a novel task that is unexplored within the VLM…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-26 David DeFazio , Hrudayangam Mehta , Meng Wang , Ping Yang , Jeremy Blackburn , Shiqi Zhang

Diagrams represent a form of visual language that encodes abstract concepts and relationships through structured symbols and their spatial arrangements. Unlike natural images, they are inherently symbolic, and entirely artificial. They thus…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Yanpeng Sun , Shan Zhang , Wei Tang , Aotian Chen , Piotr Koniusz , Kai Zou , Yuan Xue , Anton van den Hengel

Geometry is a fundamental branch of mathematics and plays a crucial role in evaluating the reasoning capabilities of multimodal large language models (MLLMs). However, existing multimodal mathematics benchmarks mainly focus on plane…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Peijie Wang , Chao Yang , Zhong-Zhi Li , Fei Yin , Dekang Ran , Mi Tian , Zhilong Ji , Jinfeng Bai , Cheng-Lin Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision Language Models (VLMs) have shown impressive reasoning abilities, yet they struggle with spatial understanding and layout consistency when performing fine-grained visual editing. We introduce a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Haoyu Zhen , Xiaolong Li , Yilin Zhao , Han Zhang , Sifei Liu , Kaichun Mo , Chuang Gan , Subhashree Radhakrishnan

Human-level agentic intelligence extends beyond low-level geometric perception, evolving from recognizing where things are to understanding what they are for. While existing benchmarks effectively evaluate the geometric perception…

Recent advancements in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have shown promising results, yet existing approaches struggle to effectively handle both temporal and spatial localization simultaneously. This challenge stems from two key…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Hongyu Li , Jinyu Chen , Ziyu Wei , Shaofei Huang , Tianrui Hui , Jialin Gao , Xiaoming Wei , Si Liu

Scene understanding enables intelligent agents to interpret and comprehend their environment. While existing large vision-language models (LVLMs) for scene understanding have primarily focused on indoor household tasks, they face two…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Penglei Sun , Yaoxian Song , Xiangru Zhu , Xiang Liu , Qiang Wang , Yue Liu , Changqun Xia , Tiefeng Li , Yang Yang , Xiaowen Chu