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Generating safety-critical scenarios in high-fidelity simulations offers a promising and cost-effective approach for efficient testing of autonomous vehicles. Existing methods typically rely on manipulating a single vehicle's trajectory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Jiawei Wang , Xintao Yan , Yao Mu , Haowei Sun , Zhong Cao , Henry X. Liu

Scenario-based testing with driving simulators is extensively used to identify failing conditions of automated driving assistance systems (ADAS). However, existing studies have shown that repeated test execution in the same as well as in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Lev Sorokin , Matteo Biagiola , Andrea Stocco

Automated driving systems (ADSs) promise a safe, comfortable and efficient driving experience. However, fatalities involving vehicles equipped with ADSs are on the rise. The full potential of ADSs cannot be realized unless the robustness of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-04-06 Ekim Yurtsever , Jacob Lambert , Alexander Carballo , Kazuya Takeda

Vehicles equipped with automated driving capabilities have shown potential to improve safety and operations. Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and automated driving systems (ADS) have been widely developed to support vehicular…

Applications · Statistics 2024-10-15 Shengxuan Ding , Mohamed Abdel-Aty , Natalia Barbour , Dongdong Wang , Zijin Wang , Ou Zheng

Recent advances in deep learning have enabled the development of autonomous systems that use deep neural networks for perception. Formal verification of these systems is challenging due to the size and complexity of the perception DNNs as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Christopher Watson , Rajeev Alur , Divya Gopinath , Ravi Mangal , Corina S. Pasareanu

Autonomous Vehicle (AV) requires rigorous testing in safety-critical scenarios for safety validation, yet its validation is hindered by the high cost of field testing and the lack of fidelity in current simulations for rare safety-critical…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Hongyi Zhao , Shuo Wang , Qijie He , Ziyuan Pu

Simulation-based testing has become a standard approach to validating autonomous driving agents prior to real-world deployment. A high-quality validation campaign will exercise an agent in diverse contexts comprised of varying static…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Joy Saha , Trey Woodlief , Sebastian Elbaum , Matthew B. Dwyer

The advent of Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS) has marked a significant shift towards intelligent transportation, with implications for public safety and traffic efficiency. While these systems integrate a variety of technologies and offer…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Wenyuan Cheng , Zengyang Li , Peng Liang , Ran Mo , Hui Liu

Approval of ADS depends on evaluating its behavior within representative real-world traffic scenarios. A common way to obtain such scenarios is to extract them from real-world data recordings. These can then be grouped and serve as basis on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Niklas Roßberg , Sinan Hasirlioglu , Mohamed Essayed Bouzouraa , Wolfgang Utschick , Michael Botsch

Scenario-based testing of automated driving functions has become a promising method to reduce time and cost compared to real-world testing. In scenario-based testing automated functions are evaluated in a set of pre-defined scenarios. These…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Christoph Glasmacher , Michael Schuldes , Sleiman El Masri , Lutz Eckstein

Semantic scene understanding is crucial for robotics and computer vision applications. In autonomous driving, 3D semantic segmentation plays an important role for enabling safe navigation. Despite significant advances in the field, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Lucas Nunes , Rodrigo Marcuzzi , Jens Behley , Cyrill Stachniss

Reliable autonomous driving relies on large-scale, well-labeled data and robust models. However, manual data collection is resource-intensive, and traditional simulation suffers from a persistent reality gap. While recent generative…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Kaicong Huang , Talha Azfar , Weisong Shi , Ruimin Ke

Digital testing has emerged as a key paradigm for the development and verification of autonomous maritime navigation systems, yet the availability of realistic and diverse safety-critical encounter scenarios remains limited. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Sijin Sun , Liangbin Zhao , Ming Deng , Xiuju Fu

Critical scenario generation requires the ability of sampling critical combinations from the infinite parameter space in the logic scenario. Existing solutions aim to explore the correlation of action parameters in the initial scenario…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Shuting Kang , Heng Guo , Lijun Zhang , Guangzhen Liu , Yunzhi Xue , Yanjun Wu

Adversarial scenario generation is crucial for autonomous driving testing because it can efficiently simulate various challenge and complex traffic conditions. However, it is difficult to control current existing methods to generate desired…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Shuo Yang , Caojun Wang , Yuanjian Zhang , Yuming Yin , Yanjun Huang , Shengbo Eben Li , Hong Chen

The generation of testing and training scenarios for autonomous vehicles has drawn significant attention. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled new scenario generation methods, current methods struggle to balance command adherence…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Qingyuan Shi , Qingwen Meng , Hao Cheng , Qing Xu , Jianqiang Wang

During the development of autonomous systems such as driverless cars, it is important to characterize the scenarios that are most likely to result in failure. Adaptive Stress Testing (AST) provides a way to search for the most-likely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-17 Mark Koren , Mykel Kochenderfer

Despite impressive advancements in Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS), navigation in complex road conditions remains a challenging problem. There is considerable evidence that evaluating the subjective risk level of various decisions can…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Shih-Yuan Yu , Arnav V. Malawade , Deepan Muthirayan , Pramod P. Khargonekar , Mohammad A. Al Faruque

Generating representative rear-end crash scenarios is crucial for safety assessments of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Automated Driving systems (ADS). However, existing methods for scenario generation face challenges such as…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Jian Wu , Carol Flannagan , Ulrich Sander , Jonas Bärgman

Currently, most existing approaches for the design of Automated Driving System (ADS) scenarios focus on the description at one particular abstraction level typically the most detailed one. This practice often removes information at higher…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Stefan Klikovits , Paolo Arcaini