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Hallucination in large language models (LLMs) has been widely studied in recent years, with progress in both detection and mitigation aimed at improving truthfulness. Yet, a critical side effect remains largely overlooked: enhancing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Omar Mahmoud , Ali Khalil , Buddhika Laknath Semage , Thommen George Karimpanal , Santu Rana

AI Safety is an emerging area of critical importance to the safe adoption and deployment of AI systems. With the rapid proliferation of AI and especially with the recent advancement of Generative AI (or GAI), the technology ecosystem behind…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Chen Chen , Xueluan Gong , Ziyao Liu , Weifeng Jiang , Si Qi Goh , Kwok-Yan Lam

Recent studies show that Large Language Models (LLMs) with safety alignment can be jail-broken by fine-tuning on a dataset mixed with harmful data. First time in the literature, we show that the jail-broken effect can be mitigated by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Tiansheng Huang , Sihao Hu , Fatih Ilhan , Selim Furkan Tekin , Ling Liu

Safety guardrails in large language models(LLMs) are developed to prevent malicious users from generating toxic content at a large scale. However, these measures can inadvertently introduce or reflect new biases, as LLMs may refuse to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Adel Khorramrouz , Sharon Levy

Reinforcement learning based fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs) on human preferences has been shown to enhance both their capabilities and safety behavior. However, in cases related to safety, without precise instructions to human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Tong Mu , Alec Helyar , Johannes Heidecke , Joshua Achiam , Andrea Vallone , Ian Kivlichan , Molly Lin , Alex Beutel , John Schulman , Lilian Weng

Large language models (LLMs) are being integrated into socially assistive robots (SARs) and other conversational agents providing mental health and well-being support. These agents are often designed to sound empathic and supportive in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Himanshi Lalwani , Hanan Salam

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for addressing a wide range of general inquiries and tasks. Despite this, fine-tuning aligned LLMs on smaller, domain-specific datasets, critical to adapting them to specialized…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Guanlin Li , Kangjie Chen , Shangwei Guo , Jie Zhang , Han Qiu , Chao Zhang , Guoyin Wang , Tianwei Zhang , Jiwei Li

The overarching research direction of this work is the development of a ''Responsible Intelligence'' framework designed to reconcile the immense generative power of Large Language Models (LLMs) with the stringent requirements of real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Somnath Banerjee

The prospect of artificial intelligence (AI) competing in the adversarial landscape of cyber security has long been considered one of the most impactful, challenging, and potentially dangerous applications of AI. Here, we demonstrate a new…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Michael Kouremetis , Marissa Dotter , Alex Byrne , Dan Martin , Ethan Michalak , Gianpaolo Russo , Michael Threet , Guido Zarrella

Safeguard models help large language models (LLMs) detect and block harmful content, but most evaluations remain English-centric and overlook linguistic and cultural diversity. Existing multilingual safety benchmarks often rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Panuthep Tasawong , Jian Gang Ngui , Alham Fikri Aji , Trevor Cohn , Peerat Limkonchotiwat

This work explores the impact of moderation on users' enjoyment of conversational AI systems. While recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to highly capable conversational AIs that are increasingly deployed in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Xiaoding Lu , Aleksey Korshuk , Zongyi Liu , William Beauchamp , Chai Research

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have become the cornerstone of today's generative AI ecosystem, sparking intense competition among tech giants and startups. In particular, an MLLM generates a text response given a prompt consisting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Zedian Shao , Hongbin Liu , Yuepeng Hu , Neil Zhenqiang Gong

As large language models (LLMs) continue to advance in capabilities, ensuring their safety against jailbreak attacks remains a critical challenge. In this paper, we introduce a novel safety alignment approach called Answer-Then-Check, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Chentao Cao , Xiaojun Xu , Bo Han , Hang Li

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant advancements in performance, various jailbreak attacks have posed growing safety and ethical risks. Malicious users often exploit adversarial context to deceive LLMs, prompting them…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Jinhwa Kim , Ian G. Harris

Malicious attackers can exploit large language models (LLMs) by engaging them in multi-turn dialogues to achieve harmful objectives, posing significant safety risks to society. To address this challenge, we propose a novel defense…

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated superior performance compared to previous methods on various tasks, and often serve as the foundation models for many researches and services. However, the untrustworthy third-party LLMs may…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Hai Huang , Zhengyu Zhao , Michael Backes , Yun Shen , Yang Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been extensively used across diverse domains, including virtual assistants, automated code generation, and scientific research. However, they remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks, which manipulate the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Haoran Gu , Handing Wang , Yi Mei , Mengjie Zhang , Yaochu Jin

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into high-stakes applications, making robust safety guarantees a central practical and commercial concern. Existing safety evaluations predominantly rely on fixed collections of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Zafir Shamsi , Nikhil Chekuru , Zachary Guzman , Shivank Garg

Ensuring the safety and harmlessness of Large Language Models (LLMs) has become equally critical as their performance in applications. However, existing safety alignment methods typically suffer from safety-performance trade-offs and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Yichi Zhang , Siyuan Zhang , Yao Huang , Zeyu Xia , Zhengwei Fang , Xiao Yang , Ranjie Duan , Dong Yan , Yinpeng Dong , Jun Zhu

Safety alignment -- training large language models (LLMs) to refuse harmful requests while remaining helpful -- is critical for responsible deployment. Prior work established that safety behaviors are governed by low-rank structures,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Dianyun Wang , Qingsen Ma , Yuhu Shang , Zhifeng Lu , Zhenbo Xu , Lechen Ning , Huijia Wu , Zhaofeng He